Benefícios e riscos do consumo de peixes para a saúde humana
Palavras-chave:
Peixes, Consumo de alimentos, Saúde, RiscoResumo
O artigo objetivou identificar e discutir evidências científicas sobre benefícios e riscos do consumo de peixes para a saúde humana. Realizou-se uma busca de artigos publicados entre 2003 e maio de 2011, nas bases de dados MedLine, Scopus, SciELO, Lilacs e Google acadêmico. Utilizaram-se as palavras chaves: fish, food intake, omega-3 fatty acids, fatty fish, benefits, risk, consumption. Encontraram-se 12.632 artigos, sendo elegíveis 25 estudos de coorte que investigaram possíveis benefícios, 61 sobre riscos e 10 estudos que avaliam a relação “risco/benefício”. Dentre os 25 trabalhos, 14 sugeriram efeito protetor do consumo de peixes, relacionado a doenças cardiovasculares, depressão, catarata e alguns tipos de câncer. Foram encontradas evidências de relação entre exposição ao mercúrio e aumento do risco de distúrbios neurológicos, mas não do risco de doenças cardiovasculares. Tendo em vista a importância do consumo de peixes e seus possíveis riscos, bem como a escassez de pesquisas nacionais sobre o tema, observa-se a relevância de se realizarem mais estudos longitudinais que aliem a avaliação dos benefícios e riscos do seu consumo para a saúde humana. Ressalta-se também a necessidade de políticas para redução da exposição de peixes e frutos do mar ao mercúrio e outros contaminantes.
Referências
American Heart Association. Fish and omega-3 fatty acids [Internet]. [cited 2008 May 6] [~ 3 telas]. Available from: <http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4632>.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Guia Alimentar para a população brasileira: promovendo a alimentação saudável. Brasília: MS; 2006.
Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations. Food balance sheets [1 tela]. Rome: FAO; 2008 [ cited 2008 May 6]. Available from: <http://faostat.fao.org/site/502/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=502>.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares, 2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011.
Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Skoumas J, Krinos X, Chloptsios Y, et al. Long-term fish consumption is associated with protection against arrhythmia in healthy persons in a Mediterranean region: the ATTICA study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85(5):1385-91.
Erkkilä AT, Lichtenstein AH, Mozaffarian D, Herrington DM. Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(3): 626-32.
Iso H, Kobayashi M, Ishihara J, Sasaki S, Okada K, Kita Y, et al. Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) - study cohort I. Circulation [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2008 Apr 25]; 113(2):195-202. Available from: <http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/2/195>.doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.581355.
Kalmijn S, van Boxtel MPJ, Ocké M, Verschuren WMM, Kromhout D, Launer LJ. Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age. Neurology. 2004; 62(2):275-80. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000103860.75218.A5.
Mozaffarian D, Lemaitre RN, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Tracy RP, Siscovick DS. Cardiac benefits of fish consumption may depend on the type of fish meal consumed the cardiovascular health study. Circulation. 2003; 107(10):1372-7. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000055315.79177.16.
Steffen LM, Folsom AR, Cushman M, Jacobs, DR, Rosamond WD. Greater fish, fruit, and vegetable intakes are related to lower incidence of venous thromboembolism: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. Circulation [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2008 Apr 24]; 115(2):188-95 [~ 9 p.] Available from: <http://www.circulationaha.org/>.doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.641688.
Sanchez-Villegas A, Henríquez P, Figueiras A, Ortuño F, Lahortiga F, Martínez-González M. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids intake, fish consumption and mental disorders in the SUN cohort study. Eur J Nutr. 2007; 46(6):337-46. doi: 10.1007/s00394-007-0671-x.
Timonen M, Horrobinc D, Jokelainena J, Laitinene J, Hervaf A, Räsänen P. Fish consumption and depression: the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2004; 82(3):447-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.02.002.
Mozaffarian D, Longstreth WT, Lemaitre RN, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, Burke GL, et al. Fish consumption and stroke risk in elderly individuals: the cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165(2):200-6. doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.2.200.
Neumann AICP, Martins IS, Marcopito LF, Araújo EAC. Padrões alimentares associados a fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares entre residentes de um município brasileiro. Pan Am J Public Health. 2007; 22(5):329-39. doi: 10.1590/S1020-49892007001000006.
Augustsson K, Michaud DS, Rimm EB, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. A prospective study of intake of fish and marine fatty acids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.2003; 12(1):64-7.
Wolk A, Larsson SC, Johansson JE, Ekman P. Longterm fatty fish consumption and renal cell carcinoma incidence in women. JAMA. 2006; 296(11):1371-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.11.1371.
Sioen I, Bilau M, Verdonck F, Verbeke W, Willems JL, De Henauw S, et al. Probabilistic intake assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and omega-3 fatty acids through fish consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008; 52(2):250-7. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700109.
Burger J, Gochfeld M. Heavy metals in commercial fish in New Jersey. Environ Res. 2005; 99(3):403-12. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.02.001.
Burger J, Gochfeld M. Mercury in fish available in supermarkets in Illinois: are there regional differences. Sci Total Environ. 2006; 367(2-3):1010-6. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.04.018.
Morgano MA, Gomes PC, Mantovani DMB, Perrone AAM, Santos TF. Níveis de mercúrio total em peixes de água doce de pisciculturas paulistas. Ciênc Tecnol Aliment. 2005; 25(2):250-3. doi: 10.1590/S0101-20612005 000200011.
Santerre CR. Balancing the risks and benefits of fish for sensitive populations. J Food Service. 2008; 19(4):205-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0159. 2008.00111.x.
Violette C. Seafood: exploring benefits and risks. J Food Service. 2008; 19(4):201-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0159.2008.00116.x.
Moher D, Tetzlaff J, Tricco AC, Sampsom M, Altman DG. Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. PLoS Med. 2007; 4(3):447-55. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040078.
Oliveira RS, Colaço W, Coulaud-Cunha S, Castilho SR. Revisão sistemática em fitoterapia: padronização internacional de qualidade. Rev Bras Farmacog. 2007; 17(2):272-4. doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2007000200023.
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the report of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008; 61(4): 344-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.00.
Folsom AR, Demissie Z. Fish intake, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004; 160(10):1005-10. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh307.
Hakkarainen R, Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Lönnqvist J. Is low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids associated with depression? Am J Psychiatry. 2004; 161(3):567-9.
Frost L, Vestergaard P. N-3 Fatty acids consumed from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish diet, cancer, and health study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 81(1):50-4.
Lu M, Cho E, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Jacques PF. Prospective study of dietary fat and risk of cataract extraction among US women. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 161(10):948-59. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi118.
Brouwer IA, Heeringa J, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Witteman JCM. Intake of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids from fish and incidence of atrial fibrillation. The Rotterdam Study. Am Heart J. 2006; 151(4): 857-62. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.07.029.
Engeset D, Alsaker E, Lund E, Welch A, Khaw KT, Clavel-Chapelon F, et al. Fish consumption and breast cancer risk. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer. 2006; 119(1): 175-82. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21819.
Koralek DO, Peters U, Andriole G, Reding D , Kirsh V, Subar A, et al. A prospective study of dietary alpha-linolenic acid and the risk of prostate cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2006; 17(6):783-91. doi: 10.1007/s10552-006-0014-x.
Myint PK, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Day NE. Habitual fish consumption and risk of incident stroke: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective population study. Public Health Nutr. 2006; 9(7):882-8. doi: 10.1017/phn2006942.
Engeset D, Andersen V, Hjartåker A, Lund E. Consumption of fish and risk of colon cancer in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) study. Br J Nutr. 2007; 98(3):576-82. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507721487.
Levitan EB, Wolk A, Mittleman MA. Fatty fish, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and incidence of heart failure. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64(6):587-94. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.50.
Bjerregaard LJ, Joensen AM, Dethlefsen C, Jensen MK, Johnsen SP, Tjønneland A, et al. Fish intake and acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2010; 31:29-34. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp375.
Berry JD, Prineas RJ, Horn LV, Passman R, Larson J, Goldberger J, et al. Dietary fish intake and incident atrial fibrillation (from the Women’s Health Initiative). Am J Cardiol. 2010; 105(6):844-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.11.039.
Hedelin M, Löf M, Olsson M, Lewander T, Nilsson B, Hultman CM, et al. Dietary intake of fish, omega- 3, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D and the prevalence of psychotic-like symptoms in a cohort of 33 000 women from the general population. BMC Psychiat. 2010; 10(38):1-13. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-10-38.
Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A. Fish consumption and risk of stroke in Swedish women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 93(3):487-93. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.002287.
Poudel-Tandukar K, Nanri A, Iwasaki M, Mizoue T, Matsushita Y, Takahashi Y, et al. Long chain n-3 fatty acids intake, sh consumption and suicide in a cohort of Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) Prospective study. J Affective Disord. 2011; 129:282-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.014.
World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health: list of all documents and publications. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
American Cancer Society. ACS News Center [Internet]. [cited 2008 Jul 6]. Available from: <http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/update/NWS_1_1xU_Increased_Fatty_Fish_Consumption_May_Reduce_Prostate_Cancer_Risk.asp>.
Kim N-S, Lee B-K. Blood total mercury and fish consumption in the Korean general population in KNHANES III, 2005. Sci Total Environ. 2010; 408(20): 4841-7.
Benefice EA, Luna-Monrroy SAB, Lopez-Rodriguez RC. Fishing activity, health characteristics and mercury exposure of Amerindian women living alongside the Beni River (Amazonian Bolivia). Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2010; 213(6):458-64.
Domingo JL, Bocio A, Falcó G, Llobet JM. Benefits and risks of fish consumption. Part I. A quantitative analysis of the intake of omega-3 fatty acids and chemical contaminants. Toxicology. 2007; 230 (2-3):219-26. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.11.054.
Foran JA, Good DH, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ. Quantitative analysis of the benefits and risks of consuming farmed and wild salmon. J Nutr. 2005; 135(11):2639-43.
Mahaffey KR, Clickner RP, Jeffries RA. Methylmercury and omega-3 fatty acids: co-occurrence of dietary sources with emphasis on fish and shellfish. Environ Res. 2007; 107(1):20-9. doi: 10.1 016/j.envres.2007.09.011.
Wennberg M, Bergdahl IA, Stegmayr B, Hallmans G, Lundh T, Skerfving S, et al. Fish intake, mercury, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of stroke in Northern Sweden. Brit J Nutr. 2007; 98(5):1038-45. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507756519.
Mozaffarian D, Shi P, Morris JS, Spiegelman D, Grandjean P, Siscovick DS, et al. Mercury exposure and risk of cardiovascular disease in two U.S. cohorts. N Engl J Med. 2001; 364(12):1116-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1006876.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Ana Carolina FERNANDES, Caroline Opolski MEDEIROS, Greyce Luci BERNARDO, Michele Vieira EBONE, Patrícia Faria DI PIETRO, Maria Alice Altenburg de ASSIS, Francisco de Assis Guedes de VASCONCELOS
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
