Revisitando modelos de planejamento de espaços livres
como as formas respondem a questões contemporâneas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0919v20e2023a5272Palavras-chave:
Infraestrutura verde, Espaços livres, Forma urbana, Modelos de planejamento, Formas espaciaisResumo
Desde o século XIX, os projetos das cidades procuram estabelecer espaços livres para o convívio social, em consonância com os modelos de planejamento. Sabe-se que há relação entre os espaços livres e verdes, a conectividade desses e a quantidade e qualidade de espécies que os habitam. As pesquisas se debruçam agora em entender como os espaços edificados podem ser acomodados com menor interferência nos fluxos de fauna e flora. Este artigo de revisão da literatura levanta como a geometria dos sistemas de espaços livres oferece potencialidades ou restrições às funções sociais e ecológicas por meio de casos em que esses modelos foram aplicados. O artigo apresenta inicialmente uma análise conceitual dos modelos de planejamento de cunhas verdes, cinturões verdes e greenways examinando os conceitos fundamentais de infraestrutura verde e destacando as conexões entre as formas espaciais e as funções derivadas dessas formas. Apresenta, então, exemplos desses modelos aplicados a cidades reais, em duas escalas: urbana e regional. Os resultados demonstraram que os três modelos estudados nas cidades são infraestruturas verdes conectadas, mas que se comportam diferentemente principalmente quanto à conexão de áreas
florestadas e à proximidade e distribuição dos espaços verdes pela cidade. A crítica apresentada indica que as formas realmente importam, como potenciais que são, para que demais ações sobre os espaços livres possam garantir suas funções ecológicas ou sociais. Os exemplos podem ajudar nas decisões de planejamento e projeto das cidades e suas expansões, e contribuir na busca por formas espaciais mais responsivas aos desafios crescentes da sustentabilidade.
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