Causas y consecuencias de la deficiencia de hierro
Palavras-chave:
deficiencia de hierro, anemia, lactantes, niño, embarazo, desarollo mentalResumo
La deficiencia de hierro es la deficiencia nutricional más prevalente y la principal causa de anemia a escala mundial. Además de las manifestaciones propias de la anemia, se han descrito otras manifestaciones no hematológicas tales como: disminución de la capacidad de trabajo físico y de la actividad motora espontánea, alteraciones de la inmunidad celular y de la capacidad bactericida de los neutrófilos, disminución de la termogénesis, alteraciones funcionales e histológicas del tubo digestivo, falla en la movilización de la vitamina A hepática, mayor riesgo de parto prematuro, bajo peso de nacimiento y de morbilidad perinatal, menor transferencia de hierro al feto, una disminución de la velocidad de crecimiento, alteraciones conductuales y del desarrollo mental y motor, velocidad de conducción más lenta de los sistemas sensoriales auditivo y visual, y reducción del tono vagal. La prevención de la deficiencia de hierro incluye cambios en los hábitos alimentarios, fortificación de los alimentos y la suplementación con hierro.
Referências
Bothwell TH, Charlton RW, Cook JD, Finch CA. Iron metabolism in man. Oxford: Blackweel Scientific; 1979.
DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. World Health Statist Q 1985; 38:302-16.
Olivares M, Walter T, Hertrampf E, Pizarro F. Anaemia and iron deficiency disease in children. Br Med Bull 1999; 55:534-48.
Olivares M. Anemia ferropriva. En: Meneghello J, Fanta E, Paris E, Puga T, editores. Pediatría. 5. ed. Buenos Aires: Editorial Médica Panamericana; 1997. p.1745-9.
Stekel A, Olivares M, Pizarro F, Chadud P, López I, Amar M. Absorption of fortification iron from milk formulas in infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43:917-22.
Saarinen UM, Siimes MA, Dallman PR. Iron absorption in infants: high bioavailability of breast milk as indicated by the extrinsic tag method of iron absorption and by the concentration of serum ferritin. J Pediatr 1977; 91:36-9.
Hallberg L, Hultén L. Iron requirements, iron balance and iron deficiency in menstruating and pregnant women. En: Hallberg L, Asp N-G, editores. Iron nutrition in health and disease. London: John Libbey; 1996. p.165-81.
International Anemia Consultative Group. Iron deficiency in women. A report of the International Anemia Consultative Group. Washington (DC): Nutrition Foundation; 1981.
Hallberg L. Iron balance in pregnancy and lactation. En: Fomon SJ, Zlotkin S, editores. Nutritional anemias. New York: Raven Press; 1992. p.13-28. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series; v.30.
Food and Agriculture Organization. Requeriments of vitamin A, iron, folate and vitamin B12. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Rome; 1988. p.1-107. Food and Nutrition Series n.23.
Hertrampf E, Olivares M, Letelier A, Castillo C. Situación de la nutrición de hierro en la embarazada adolescente al inicio de la gestación. Rev Med Chile 1994; 122:1372-7.
Foradori A, Lira P, Grebe G, Legues ME, Muñoz B, Vela P. Evaluación de la ferritina sérica en embarazadas y su correlación con otros parámetros hematológicos. Rev Med Chil 1978;106:350-3.
Dallman PR. Iron deficiency and related nutritional anemias. En: Nathan DG, Oski FA, editores. Hematology of infancy and childhood. 4th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1993. p.413-50.
International Anemia Consultative Group. Guidelines for the eradication of iron deficiency anemia. A report of the International Anemia Consultative Group. Washington (DC): Nutrition Foundation. 1977. p.1-29.
Olivares M, Pizarro F, Hertrampf E, Walter T, Arredondo M, Letelier A. Fortificación de Alimentos con hierro en Chile. Rev Chil Nutr 2000; 27:340-4.
Allen LH. Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1280S-4S.
Walter T, Olivares M, Pizarro F, Muñoz C. Iron, anemia, and infection. Nutr Rev 1997; 55:111-24.
Haas JD, Brownlie T IV. Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a critical review of the research to determine a causal relationship. J Nutr 2001; 131:676S-90S.
Beard JL. Functional consequences of nutritional anemia in adults. En: Ramakrishnan U, editor. Nutritional anemias. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001. p.111-28.
Lozoff B, Wachs TD. Functional correlates of nutritional anemias in infancy and early childhood -child development and behavior. En: Ramakrishnan U, editor. Nutritional Anemias. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001. p.70-88.
Angulo-Kinzler RM, Peirano P, Lozoff B. Spontaneous motor activity in human infants with iron-deficiency anemia. Early Hum Dev 2002; 66:67-79.
Peirano P, Algarín C, Garrido M, Roncagliolo M, Lozoff B. Interaction of iron deficiency anemia and neurofunctions in cognitive development. En: Fernstrom JD, Uauy R, editores. Nutrition and brain. Basel: Nestec; 2001. p.19-39. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series Clinics and Performance Program.
Garn SM, Ridella SA, Petzold AS, Falkner F. Maternal hematological levels and pregnancy outcomes. Sem Perinatol 1981;5:155-162.
Murphy JF, O’Riordan JO, Newcombe RG, Coles EC, Pearson JF. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet 1986; 1:992-5.
Harrison KA, Ibeziako PA. Maternal anaemia and fetal birthweight. J Obstet Gynaecol 1973; 80:798-804.
Steer P. Maternal hemoglobin concentration and birth weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1285S-7S.
Klebanoff MA, Shiono PH, Selby JV, Trachtenberg AI, Graubard BI. Anemia and spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164:59-63.
Zhou LM, Yang WW, Hua JZ, Deng CQ, Tao X , Stoltzfus RJ. Relation of hemoglobin measured at different times in pregnancy to preterm birth and low birth weight in Shanghai, China. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148:998-1006.
Hämäläinen H, Hakkarainen K, Heinonen S. Anaemia in the first but not in the second or third trimester is a risk factor for low birth weight. Clin Nutr 2003; 22:271-5.
Scholl TO, Hediger ML, Fischer RL, Shearer JW. Anemia vs iron deficiency: increased risk of preterm delivery in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:985-8.
Yip R. Significance of an abnormally low or high hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy: special consideration of iron nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:272S-9S.
Lu Lu ZM, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Cutter G, Blankson M. The relationship between maternal hematocrit and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77:190-4.
Ramakrishnan U. Functional consequences of nutritional anemia during pregnancy and early childhood. En: Ramakrishnan U, editor. Nutritional anemias. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001. p.44-68.
Kelly AM, McDonald DJ. Observations on maternal and fetal ferritin concentration at term. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 85:338-43.
Milman N, Ibsen KK, Christensen JM. Serum ferritin and iron status in mothers and newborn infants. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1987; 66:205-11.
Singla PN, Chand S, Khanna S, Agarwal KN. Effect of maternal anaemia on the placenta and the newborn infant. Acta Paediatr Scand 1978; 67:645-8.
Mashako L, Preziosi P, Nsibu C, Galán P, Potier de Courcy G, Nsaka T, et al. Iron and folate status in Zairian mothers and their newborns. Ann Nutr Metabol 1991; 35:309-14.
de Pee S, Bloem MW, Sari M, Kiess L, Yip R. The high prevalence of low hemoglobin concentration among Indonesian infants aged 3-5 months is related to maternal anemia. J Nutr 2002; 132:2215-21.
Colomer J, Colomer C, Gutierrez D, Jubert A, Nolasco A, Donat J, et al. Anaemia during pregnancy as a risk factor for infant iron deficiency: report from the Valencia Infant Anaemia Cohort (VIAC) study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1990; 4:196-204.
Kilbride J, Baker TG, Parapia LA, Khoury SA, Shuqaidef SW, Jerwood D. Anaemia during pregnancy as a risk factor for iron-deficiency anaemia in infancy: a case-control study in Jordan. Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28:461-8.
Oski FA, Honig AS. The effects of therapy on the developmental scores of iron-deficient infants. J Pediatr 1978; 92:21-5.
Lozoff B, Brittenham GM, Viteri FE, Wolf AW, Urrutia JJ. The effects of short-term oral iron therapy on developmental deficits in iron deficient anemic infants. J Pediatr 1982; 100:351-7.
Walter T, de Andraca I, Chadud P, Perales CG. Iron deficiency anemia: adverse effects on infant psychomotor development. Pediatrics 1989; 84:7-17.
Idjradinata P, Pollitt E. Reversal of developmental delays in iron-deficient anaemic infants treated with iron. Lancet 1993; 341:1-4.
Walter T. Impact of iron deficiency on cognition in infancy and childhood. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993; 47:307-16.
Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf AW. Long-Term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:687-94.
Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Hagen J, Mollen E, Wolf AW. Poorer behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infancy. Pediatrics 2000; 105:E51.
Beard J. Iron deficiency alters brain development and functioning. J Nutr 2003; 133:1468S-72S.
Roncagliolo M, Garrido M, Walter T, Peirano P, Lozoff B. Evidence of altered central nervous system development in infants with iron deficiency anemia at 6 mo: delayed maturation of auditory brainstem responses. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:683-90.
Algarin C, Peirano P, Garrido M, Pizarro F, Lozoff B. Iron deficiency anemia in infancy: long-lasting effects on auditory and visual system functioning. Pediatr Res 2003; 53:217-23.
Antal A, Keri S, Bodis-Wollner I. Dopamine D2 receptor blockade alters the primary and cognitive components of visual evoked potentials in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis. Neurosci Lett 1997; 232:179-81.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Manuel OLIVARES, Tomás WALTER
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
