Antiphospholipid Syndrome And Diabetes Mellitus In Pregnancy
Keywords:
diabetes mellitus, diabete gestacional, antiphospholipid syndrome, thromboembolismAbstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that, when present in pregnant women, poses a greater maternal and fetal risk, both in cases of gestational and pre-gestational diabetes. Antiphospholipid syndrome consists of the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and clinical complications, with a worse gestational prognosis and a greater number of fetal losses. The association of diabetes mellitus with antiphospholipid syndrome is common. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in diabetic pregnant women is high, which may increase the risk of vascular occlusive diseases, causing greater maternal-fetal morbidity. In this way, we highlight the importance of diagnostic work-up for antiphospholipid syndrome in diabetic pregnant women who are admitted to prenatal care, because if antibodies are present, pregnant women must be treated in a way to avoid compromising maternal and fetal vitality.
Downloads
References
Freinkel N. Gestational Diabetes 1979: phylosophycal and praticai aspects of a major public health problem. Diabetes Care 1998; 3:399.
Kilvert JA, Nicholson HD, Wright AD. Ketoacidose in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetic Med 1993; 10:278-81.
Dias EP. Consenso sobre diabetes gestational. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 1999; 43(2): 148-50.
White P. Pregnancy complicating diabetes. Am J Med 1949; 7:609- 16.
Moore TR. Diabetes in pregnancy maternal fetal medicine: principies and practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p.964-95.
Tamás G, Kerenyi Z. Gestational diabetes: current aspects on pathogenesis and treatment. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001; 109 Suppl 2 :400-11.
Schwartz R, Gruppuso PA, Petzold K, Brambilla D, et ai. Hiperinsulinemia and macrossomia in the fetus of the diabetic mother. Diabetes Care 1994; 17(7):640-8.
Vaarasmaki M, Anttila M, Pirttiaho H, Hartikainen AL. Are recurrent pregnancies a risk in Type 1 diabetes? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81(12):1110-5.
Diamond MP, Shaw DM, Hester RA, Vaughn WK, Cotton RB, Boehm FH. Complication of insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies by preeclampsia and/ or chronic hypertension: analysis of outcome. Am J Perinatol 1985; 2(4):263-7
Vaaramaki M, Gissler M, Riyvanen A, Hartikainen AL. Congenital anomalies and first life year surveillance in Type I diabetic births. Diabetic Med 2002; 19(7):589-93
Lepercq J, Taupin P, Dubois-Laforque D, Duranteau L, Lahiou N, Boitard C, et ai. Heterogeneity of fetal growth in type 1 diabetic pregnancy. Diabete Metab 2001; 27(3):339-44.
Boddi M, Prisco D, Fedi S, Cellai AP, Liotta AA, Paretti E, et ai. Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy disorders in womem with lnsulin-dependent diabetes. Tromb Res 1996; 82(3):207-16.
Triplett DA, Coulam CB, Faulk WP, Mcintyre JA Obstetrica complications associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. lmmunological Obstetrics. London: Norton Medical Books; 1992. p. 377- 403.
Galtier-Dereure F, Biron C, Vies M, Bourgeois V,Schved JF, Bringer J. Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus: what role for phospholipids-binding antibodies7 Lupus 1998; 7:469-74.
Kareria MV, Vishwanathan C. A preliminary study of antiphospholipid antibodies in 50 cases of bod obstetric history J Assoe Physicians lndia 1999; 47(7):669-72
Hadi HA, Treadwell EL. Lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in pregnancy: a review. lmmunochemistry and clinicai implications. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1990; 45(11):780-5.
Arvieux J, Hachulla E. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2002; 51 (3): 146-51.
Drout L. Venous thromboembolic pathology new acquired risk factors or new data on acquired risk factors. Arch Mal Coeur 2001; 94 Suppl 11: 1318-26.
Triplett D A. Assays for detection of antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 1994; 3: 281- 7.
Uszynski M, Uszynski W. Antiphospholipid syndrome in obstetrics-a new version of criteria, pathomechanism and the prophylaxis. Ginakol Pol 2002; 73(6):553-66.
Chamley LW. Antiphospholipid antibodies: biological basis and prospects for treatment. J Reprod lmmunol 2002; 57(1-2): 185.
Feinstein DL, Rapaport SI. Acquired inhibitors of blood coagulation: progress in hemostasis and thrombosis. New York: Guine e Straton; 1992. p. 75.
Erkan D, Yazici Y, Peterson MG, Sammaritano L, Lockshin MD. A cross-sectional study of clinicai thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41 (8):924-9.
Best IM, Anyadike NC, Harvey L, Bumpers MD. The antiphospholipid syndrome in a teenager with miscariages, thrombosis, and diabetes mellitus. Am Surg 2000; 66(8):748-50.
Lubbe WF, Butler WS, Palmer SJ, Liggins GC. Lupus anticoagulant in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984; 91 :357-63.
Branch DW, Silver RM, Blackwell JL, Reading JC, Scott JR. Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: an update of the Utah experience. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80(4):614-20.
Nash MJ, Camilleri RS, Liesner R, Mackie J, Machin SJ, Cohen H. Paradoxical association between the 316 Trp to Ser beta 2-glycoprotec 1 (Beta2GPI) polymorphism and anti-Beta2GPI antibodies. Br J Haematol 2003; 120(3):529-31.
lnbar O, Blanck M, Faden D, Tincani A, Lorber M, Shoenfeld Y Prevention of fetal loss in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome by low-molecular-weight heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169:423-6.
Mcintyre JA, Taylor CG, Torry OS, Wagenknecht DR, Wilson J, Faulk WP Heparin and pregnancy in women with a history of repeated miscarriages. Haemostasis 1993; 23 Suppl 1 :202-11.
