Biodisponibilidade de vitaminas lipossolúveis
Palavras-chave:
absorção, biodisponibilidade, vitaminas lipossolúveisResumo
O termo biodisponibilidade representa a parte do nutriente ingerido que tem o potencial de suprir as demandas fisiológicas em tecidos alvos; por definição, não corresponde, na maioria das vezes, à quantidade ingerida. Apesar da concordância entre alguns pesquisadores no que se refere ao conceito de biodisponibilidade, vários termos são comumente utilizados em trabalhos científicos como sinônimos desse, em função das peculiaridades dos métodos empregados na sua determinação. Estudos de balanço, relação dose-efeito e uso de isótopos são alguns dos métodos mais comumente utilizados para determinar a biodisponibilidade de vitaminas. Tais metodologias, além de avaliar a biodisponibilidade do nutriente, devem tanto quanto possível procurar elucidar ou levar em consideração os fatores que interferem na sua absorção e utilização. Dentre esses fatores, estão a interação com outros nutrientes ou componentes da dieta e as condições fisiológicas dos organismos submetidos ao estudo. As vitaminas lipossolúveis, devido ao seu metabolismo complexo, diversidade funcional e mecanismo de absorção relacionado a lipoproteínas, apresentam alguns problemas específicos no que se refere à avaliação de sua biodisponibilidade em alimentos ou dietas, necessitando, por ocasião dos ensaios, de um criterioso planejamento e análise de resultados. Dessa forma, ressaltaram-se, nesta revisão, alguns aspectos importantes com relação à biodisponibilidade das vitaminas lipossolúveis, como: diversidade de termos usados, metodologia para avaliação, fatores que interferem na absorção e utilização, entre outros, visto que a avaliação da biodisponibilidade de algumas vitaminas lipossolúveis ainda não possui métodos validados, gerando uma grande variação nos resultados obtidos nas pesquisas realizadas nesta área.
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