Considerações sobre o controle integrado de pragas em minifúndios tropicais
Keywords:
Integrated pest management, temporal scales, spatial scales, opportunity costs, small-holding agricultureAbstract
Considerations on integrated pest contrai in small-scale tropical agriculture. Spatial and temporal scales associated with small-scale tropical agriculture affect production dynamics and interact with social and economic factors, resulting in large production variances and/or increased opportunity costs. ln these situations, the use of generalized predators, such as spiders and ants using manipulative methods, result in a reduction of these factors, and efforts should be made to incorporate these elements into small-holding integrated pest management programs.
Downloads
References
ADKISSON, P. L., NILES, G. A., WALKER J. K., BIRD, L. S., SCOTT, H. B. 1982. Controlling cotton's insect pests: a new system. Science, 216: 19-22.
ALTIERI,M. 1985. Agroecología: basescientíficas de Iaagricultura alternativa. Valparaíso, CentrQ de Estudos en Tecnologías Apropriadas para América Latina.
ALTIERI, M., VAN SCHOONHOVEN, A., DOLL,J. D. 1977. The ecological role of weeds in insect pest management systems: a review illustrated with bean (Phaseolusvulgaris L.) cropping systems. PANS, 23: 195-206.
BOTTRELL, D. G. 1979. Guidelines forintegrated control of maize pests. Rome, FAO.
BRADER,L. 1982. Recent trends of insect control in the tropics. Ent. Exp. Appl., 31.: 111-120.
DE BACH, P. 197.4. Biological control by natural enemies. London, Cambridge University Press.
DEDATTA, S. K. 1980; Weed control in rice in south and southeast Asia. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taiwan, Extens, Buli., 156: 1-24.
ENTWISTLE, P. F.1972. Pestsof cocoa. London, Longman.
FAO. 1979a. RevieiV and analysis .of agrarian reform and rural development in the developingcountries sincethe mid- 1960's. World Conference on Agradan Reform and Rural Development. Rome, FAO.
FAO. 1979b. Elements of integrated control of sorghum pests. FAO Plant Protection Paper, 19, Rome, FAO.
FOWLER, H. G., DIAS DE AGUIAR, A. M. 1991. A integração da teoria ecológica na análise ambiental. In: TAUK, S. M., GOBBI, N., FOWLER, H. G., eds. Análise ambientar: uma visão multidisciplinar. São Paulo, Editora da UNESP. p. 133-142.
FOWLER, H. G., ROMAGNANO, L. F. T. DI. 1992. Ecological bases for biological control. Peso agropec. bras., 27: 5-13.
FOWLER, H. G., CAMPIOLO, S., PESQUERO, M. A. .1992. Espécies exóticas, pragas e controle biológico. Ciência Hoje, 15 (85): 18-23.
FYE, R. E. 1972. The interchange of insect parasites and predators between crops. PANS, 18: 143-146.
GETZ, W. M., GUTIERREZ, A. P. 1982. A perspectiva on systems analysis in crop production and insect pest management. Anh. Rev. Entomol., 27: 447-466.
GLASS, E. H., THURSTON, H. D. 1978. Traditional and modern crop protection in perspective. BioScience, 28: 109-114.
GLEISSMAN, S. R., GARCIA, R., AMADOR, A. M. 1981. The ecological basis for the application of traditional agricultural technology in the management of tropical agro-ecosystems. Agro-Ecosystems, 7; 173-185.
GOMEZ-POMPA, A. 1978. An old answer to the future. Mazingira, 5: 50-55.
HARWOOD,R. R. 1979. Small farm development. Boulder, Westview Press.
HOLM,L. G., PLUCKNETT,D. L., PANCHO, J. V., HERBERGER,J. P. 1977. The World's worst weeds: distribution and ecology. Honolulu, University Press of Hawaii.
HUIS, A. VAN. 1981. Integrated pest management in the small farmer's maize crop in Nicaragua. Wageningen, Agricultural University.
JANZEN, D. H. 1973. Tropical agro-ecosystems. Science, v. 182, p.1212-1219.
KRANZ, J., SCHMUTTERER, H., KOCH, W. 1977. Diseases, pests and weeds in tropical crops. New York, Springer Verlag.
KU, T. Y., CHIU, R. J., HSU, M. C. 1980. The rice protection programme in Taiwan. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taiwan, Extens. Bull., 145: 1-22.
LESTON, D. 1973. The ant-mosaic-tropical tree crops and the limiting of pests and diseases. PANS, 19: 311-341.
LITSINGER, J. A., MOODY, K. 1976. lntegrated pest management in multiple cropping systems. ln: STELLY, M., ed., Multiple cropping. New York, American Society of Agronomists. p. 293-316.
LITSINGER, J. A., LUMABAN, M. D., BANDONG, J. P., PANUTA, P. C., BARRION, A. T., APOSTOL, R. F.,RUHEDINI, 1. 1980. A methoology for determining insect contrai recommendations. IRRI Research Paper Series, 46: 1-31.
ORAM, P., ZAPATA, J., ALIBARUHO, G., ROY, S. 1979. lnvestment and input requirements for accelerating food production in low-income countries by 1990. Washington, lnternational Food Policy Research lnstitute.
REICHELDERFER, K. H. 1981. Economic feasibility of biological contrai of crop pests. ln: Biological contrai in crop production. Washington, BARC. p. 39-56.
SPEDDING, C. R. W. 1975. The biology of agricultura! systems. Academic Press, New York.
TURNBULL, A. L.' 1969. The ecological role of pest populations. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Eçol. Anim. Contrai Habitat Manage. 1: 219-232.
VAN EMDEN, H. F., WILLAIMS, G. F. 1974. lnsect stability and diversity in agro-ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Entornai., 19: 455-475.
VANDERMEER, J. 1981. The interference production principie: an ecological theory for agriculture. BioScience, 31: 361-364.