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    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tinf</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title>Transinformação</journal-title>
                <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Transinformação</abbrev-journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn pub-type="ppub">0103-3786</issn>
            <issn pub-type="epub">2318-0889</issn>
            <publisher>
                <publisher-name>Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
            </publisher>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="other">00324</article-id>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2318-0889202537e2515115pt</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>ORIGINAL</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Acordos de leitura e publicação: estudo da área de Física no Brasil e a Editora <italic>Springer/Nature</italic>
                </article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2412-2366</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Brito</surname>
                        <given-names>Camila de Cássia</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceitualização</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation">Curadoria de dados</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Análise formal</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Metodologia</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validação</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/visualization">Visualização</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Escrita – rascunho original</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Escrita – revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9639-6390</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
                        <given-names>Rosângela Schwarz</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceitualização</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation">Curadoria de dados</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Análise formal</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Metodologia</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision">Supervisão</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validação</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Escrita – revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1216-3494</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Café</surname>
                        <given-names>Luísa Chaves</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Análise formal</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validação</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Escrita – revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3776-2477</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Vieira</surname>
                        <given-names>Andrea Carvalho</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Análise formal</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validação</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Escrita – revisão e edição</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff01">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ciências da Educação</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>Florianópolis</city>
                    <state>SC</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff02">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Pará</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Biblioteca Central</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Coordenação de Serviços aos Usuários</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>Belém</city>
                    <state>PA</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Pará, Biblioteca Central, Coordenação de Serviços aos Usuários. Belém, PA, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff03">
                <label>3</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Biblioteca Central</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Coordenadoria de Gestão da Informação Digital</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>Brasília</city>
                    <state>DF</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Biblioteca Central, Coordenadoria de Gestão da Informação Digital. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff04">
                <label>4</label>
                <institution content-type="orgname">Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</institution>
                <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Coordenadoria-Geral do Portal de Periódicos e Informação Científica</institution>
                <addr-line>
                    <city>Brasília</city>
                    <state>DF</state>
                </addr-line>
                <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
                <institution content-type="original">Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Coordenadoria-Geral do Portal de Periódicos e Informação Científica. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c01">Correspondência para: C. C. BRITO. E-mail: <email>camilacbrito@ufpa.br</email>. </corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editora</label>
                    <p>Valéria dos Santos Gouveia Martins</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
                    <label>Conflitos de interesses</label>
                    <p>Os autores declaram que não há conflitos de interesses.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
                <day>0</day>
                <month>0</month>
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
                <year>2025</year>
            </pub-date>
            <volume>37</volume>
            <elocation-id>e2515115</elocation-id>
            <history>
                <date date-type="received">
                    <day>01</day>
                    <month>03</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="rev-recd">
                    <day>05</day>
                    <month>06</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </date>
                <date date-type="accepted">
                    <day>08</day>
                    <month>07</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </date>
            </history>
            <permissions>
                <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
                    <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
                </license>
            </permissions>
            <abstract>
                <title>Resumo</title>
                <p>Mudanças nos modelos de negócio das editoras desafiam a economia e o livre acesso à literatura no sistema de comunicação científica. Para identificar o comportamento de leitura e de publicação de pesquisadores brasileiros da área de Física em títulos da editora <italic>Springer</italic> foram estabelecidos os seguintes objetivos: (a) categorizar os periódicos nos quais os autores publicam; (b) registrar o vínculo institucional dos autores; (c) identificar os financiadores das pesquisas; e (d) apontar os periódicos mais usados nas referências dos artigos. A metodologia de pesquisa é exploratória com técnicas bibliométricas e os dados foram coletados na <italic>Web of Science</italic> usando os artigos classificados como sendo da área da Física publicados em 2023 e suas referências. Os resultados mostram alta concentração de artigos publicados em poucos títulos, com 730 artigos (73% do total) distribuídos em 13 periódicos do <italic>publisher</italic> com alto fator de impacto, sendo que 40% foram publicados em dois títulos de acesso aberto sem taxas. Os autores estão concentrados em cinco instituições brasileiras com 10 ou mais registros e possuem forte colaboração internacional com autores de 64 instituições de 27 países. Os artigos registraram 226 instituições financiadoras de 27 países, sendo 9 brasileiras. As referências utilizadas somaram 22.894 registros, sendo mais frequentes os títulos da <italic>American Physical Society</italic>. A conclusão indica que um possível contrato com a <italic>Springer</italic> não incluiria os títulos nos quais os autores da área de Física mais publicam e tampouco os que mais referenciam. Acordos com uma única editora não são suficientes para suprir a demanda de uma área, que incluem também periódicos diamante, pagamentos de <italic>Article Processing Charges</italic> e, ainda, contratos de subscrição.</p>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
                <title>Palavras-chave</title>
                <kwd>Acesso aberto</kwd>
                <kwd>Acordos de leitura e publicação</kwd>
                <kwd>Acordos transformativos</kwd>
                <kwd>Publicação científica</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <award-group>
                    <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
                    <award-id>4/2021</award-id>
                </award-group>
                <funding-statement><bold>Apoio</bold> Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Edital 4/2021.</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body>
        <sec sec-type="intro">
            <title>Introdução</title>
            <p>As mudanças nos modelos de negócio das editoras desafiam entidades financiadoras, pesquisadores, bibliotecas, instituições de pesquisa e países. Com a ampliação das alternativas de comercialização de artigos, os vários tipos de acesso acrescentam complexidades ao sistema de comunicação científica. Os avanços tecnológicos, as pressões por publicação em periódicos com alto Fator de Impacto (FI) por parte das agências avaliadoras e as demandas por transparência e acesso ao conhecimento financiado com recursos públicos impulsionaram os debates acerca da sustentabilidade econômica do mercado editorial e da equidade no acesso à produção científica. Um dos problemas centrais da discussão sobre acesso às publicações científicas é o econômico. As grandes editoras comerciais estão se adaptando para aumentar e/ou manter seus lucros com a criação de novos pacotes e serviços, oferecendo: (a) os ainda vigentes pacotes de assinatura de periódicos, chamados <italic>big deals</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn05">5</xref>; (b) periódicos híbridos, com parte dos artigos em acesso aberto e parte restrito para assinantes, com a cobrança duplicada de taxas do autor e do leitor; (c) novos <italic>bigger deals</italic>, que combinam pacotes de publicação em acesso aberto, acesso a partir de subscrição e visualização das métricas das empresas do <italic>publisher</italic>; (d) acordos de leitura e publicação, ou <italic>Read and Publish</italic>, com pacotes que combinam acesso aos periódicos e publicação em acesso aberto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Aspesi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar; Martín-Martín, 2024</xref>), além de estratégias das grandes editoras para manter seus lucros, como os crescentes custos das <italic>Article Processing Charge</italic> (APC, Taxas de Processamento de Artigos).</p>
            <p>A configuração dos acordos de leitura e publicação associa em um mesmo pacote duas práticas essenciais para a ciência: a necessidade permanente de leitura e atualização e a demanda por publicar resultados de pesquisas. Da mesma forma que os <italic>big deals</italic> interferem nos títulos aos quais os pesquisadores têm acesso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rodríguez-Bravo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>) que acabam sendo mais utilizados e citados, o conjunto de periódicos que compõe os acordos de leitura e publicação vai influenciar nas escolhas dos títulos onde os artigos serão publicados. A implementação dos acordos de leitura e publicação exige estudos que considerem o comportamento de publicação dos autores de cada área do conhecimento, de cada país ou instituição envolvidos e de cada editora, uma vez que são a base para os contratos. O mapeamento do comportamento de publicação e leitura ajuda a identificar os interesses dos atores envolvidos (financiadores, autores, instituições e editoras), fundamentando as tomadas de decisão.</p>
            <p>A <italic>Efficiency and Standards for Open Access Article Charges</italic> (ESAC) da Max Planck Digital Library, recomenda práticas para firmar acordos de publicação, incluindo as responsabilidades que as instituições devem exigir das editoras. Dessa forma, busca-se garantir que os acordos estejam alinhados aos objetivos do acesso aberto no que diz respeito à promoção da democratização do conhecimento científico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Efficiency and Standards for Open Access Article Charges, 2017</xref>).</p>
            <p>A <italic>Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition</italic> (SPARC) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Scholarly Publishing And Academic Resources Coalition, c2007-2025</xref>) indica que nos acordos devem ser considerados dados financeiros e o impacto na equidade do acesso ao conhecimento científico produzido e divulgado. Além de avaliar se o modelo de <italic>Open Access</italic> (OA) proposto pelo editor está alinhado com os valores institucionais, a SPARC indica a relevância de dados como: downloads e citações de obras do editor pela instituição e a publicação de trabalhos junto ao editor relacionados com o tipo de acesso e os gastos com APC. A apresentação de informações sobre métricas de distribuição de publicações identificam brechas e tendências que orientam políticas para a sustentabilidade do acesso aberto, e assim é possível compreender o comportamento de autores de determinada área do conhecimento na seleção de títulos de periódicos para leitura e publicação. Dessa maneira, a escolha da <italic>Web of Science</italic> (WoS) como base de dados científicos a ser consultada para este estudo se justifica pela confiabilidade, relevância e disponibilidade dos dados para estudos bibliométricos, além do acesso possibilitado por meio do Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). Já a escolha pela área da Física justifica-se em função do pioneirismo da área na disponibilização da literatura científica em acesso aberto pela chamada via verde, representado pelo arXiv − o primeiro e mais estruturado repositório temático de <italic>preprints</italic>, largamente utilizado pelos autores da área e que possibilita assumir que pelo menos uma versão de todos os artigos publicados está disponível em acesso aberto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Björk <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Lariviére <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).</p>
            <p>O modelo de leitura e publicação demanda pesquisas que possam discutir os alcances e as limitações das propostas das editoras antes da assinatura dos contratos. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é identificar o potencial interesse de publicação e de leitura de pesquisadores com vínculo institucional brasileiro da área da Física em títulos da <italic>Springer</italic> e, especificamente: (a) categorizar os periódicos onde os autores publicam; (b) apontar o vínculo institucional dos autores; (c) indicar os financiadores das pesquisas; e (d) descobrir quais periódicos são mais usados nas referências dos artigos. O <italic>publisher Springer/Nature</italic> foi selecionado por conta do projeto-piloto de leitura e publicação com o Portal de Periódicos da Capes, anunciado no site da <italic>Springer</italic> em dezembro de 2023, mas ainda não disponibilizado até a submissão deste artigo. A <italic>Springer</italic> se destaca como a segunda editora onde autores vinculados a instituições brasileiras mais publicaram em 2020, logo atrás da Elsevier (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Anselmo, 2022</xref>). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
            <title>Revisão de Literatura </title>
            <p>A publicação em um periódico de prestígio é a maneira mais consolidada de registrar a originalidade de um trabalho e confirmar que os resultados foram bons o suficiente para superar o ceticismo dos pares. Artigos publicados viabilizam o acesso a resultados certificados de pesquisas, documentam negociações e críticas e estabelecem linguagens e metodologias aceitas e validadas pelas comunidades científicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Merton, 1979</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Whitley, c2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ziman, 1981</xref>). As mudanças nos recursos tecnológicos e nos sistemas de avaliação e as pressões dos financiadores sobre onde devem ser publicados os artigos influenciam nas escolhas dos pesquisadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Guédon <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Merton, 1979</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Whitley, c2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ziman, 1981</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Matthias, Jahn e Laakso (2019, p. 5)</xref> destacam:</p>
            <disp-quote>
                <p>[...] os periódicos não existem no vácuo, mas dentro de um ambiente dinâmico caracterizado pela competição por manuscritos de alta qualidade. Como as publicações revisadas por pares ainda são a chave para a progressão na carreira acadêmica, o valor de uma revista está intimamente ligado ao prestígio que ela traz aos autores [...].</p>
                <attrib>(tradução nossa)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn06">6</xref>.</attrib>
            </disp-quote>
            <p>É importante reconhecer os valores da ciência como parte essencial da instituição acadêmica, pois “A origem da publicação científica reside na exigência do método científico de que o conhecimento seja divulgado publicamente para que a comunidade científica possa utilizá-lo e verificar sua validade” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar; Martín-Martín, 2024, p. 3</xref>). Os sistemas avaliativos e os critérios usados para a classificação da produtividade, do impacto e da relevância científica são determinantes na comunicação da ciência, registrando o trabalho dos pesquisadores − essencial para a identificação do capital científico no espaço acadêmico. A busca por prestígio influencia nas escolhas dos pesquisadores, orientadas por estratégias que visam o reconhecimento acadêmico, a progressão na carreira e o status na área (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bourdieu, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gingras, 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>A ampliação do acesso aberto trouxe mais transparência e novas variáveis às várias etapas da comunicação da ciência (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cronin, 2014</xref>), o que implica na atualização permanente dos estudos sobre o tema. O acesso aberto avança em função: (a) da ampliação das alternativas de acesso aos artigos; (b) da pressão exercida pelas agências de fomento para publicação em acesso aberto; (c) dos crescentes custos dos APCs da via dourada; e (d) do aumento do número de pesquisadores em todo o mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Abadal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Borrego, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Guédon <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). Assim, os acordos de leitura e publicação ou acordos transformativos estão sendo discutidos por vários ângulos, com diferentes abordagens e com viés crítico sobre as vantagens, limitações e desafios operacionais para sua implementação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Borrego; Anglada; Abadal, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Borrego, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Schmal, 2024</xref>).</p>
            <p>Os recursos de cada instituição e/ou de cada país destinados às assinaturas de <italic>big deals</italic> ou de periódicos isolados, a compra de artigos, os acordos de leitura e publicação, o fomento aos periódicos do país e o pagamento de APCs são definidores na distribuição dos recursos entre as várias alternativas de acesso e de publicação da literatura científica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Abadal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Anglada; Abadal, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Borrego, 2023</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="methods">
            <title>Procedimentos Metodológicos </title>
            <p>Esse é um estudo exploratório e quantitativo que usa técnicas bibliométricas para identificar o comportamento dos autores brasileiros que publicam em periódicos classificados como sendo da área de Física segundo a WoS e em títulos da <italic>Springer</italic>. O estudo se enquadra no que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Alencar e Barbosa (2022)</xref> chamam de estágio de preparação para o acordo, pois a análise do comportamento das publicações de determinado país e de determinada área do conhecimento antes da assinatura de contratos de leitura e publicação pode ser uma contribuição relevante para estimar a adequação das propostas.</p>
            <p>Os títulos de periódicos da área estão distribuídos entre diferentes publishers, mas é possível assumir que uma versão da maioria dos artigos está no arXiv (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://info.arxiv.org/about/index.html">https://info.arxiv.org/about/index.html</ext-link>), um repositório temático consolidado, moderado por voluntários e operado pela <italic>Cornell University</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Larivière <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Estudos com uma única base como fonte de dados apresentam limitações em relação à quantidade de títulos indexados por área do conhecimento. Além disso, é difícil comparar a classificação das áreas com outras bases, com o sistema de classificação de cada país e com a taxonomia das áreas proposta pela Unesco; entretanto, a WoS privilegia periódicos publicados por grandes editoras comerciais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Melo; Trinca; Maricato, 2021</xref>), entre elas a <italic>Springer</italic> − o que proporciona uma cobertura representativa do objeto da pesquisa.</p>
            <p>Para entender o comportamento de leitura dos autores de determinada área, como recomenda a SPARC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, c2007-2025</xref>), foi feito o estudo dos principais títulos (de todos os <italic>publishers</italic>) que os autores da área da Física usam nas referências dos artigos que publicam. Os títulos foram cotejados com os periódicos disponibilizados pela <italic>Springer</italic>, estimando o interesse dos pesquisadores em citar os artigos dos títulos incluídos no contrato. O uso das referências se justifica pela segurança de que realmente foram lidas, pela indisponibilidade de dados sobre os acessos e pela garantia de que esses acessos podem ser feitos via arXiv.</p>
            <p>Para identificar onde os autores da área da física publicam foi realizada uma busca avançada em junho de 2024 na WoS por meio do uso da <italic>string</italic> CU = (Brazil) AND PUBL = (Springer) AND PY = (2023), complementada através dos filtros <italic>article</italic> e <italic>review article</italic> no tipo de documento e <italic>physics</italic> na área de pesquisa. Para identificar as referências utilizadas pelos autores, os dados com as opções <italic>tab delimited file</italic> e em seguida <italic>full record and cited references</italic> foram exportados, tendo sido extraídos em bloco de notas 500 registros por vez. Isso feito, os dados foram organizados manualmente com os recursos das planilhas, com as informações sobre cada título, autorias, vínculo institucional e agências financiadoras, e filtros foram utilizados para identificar os títulos e <italic>publishers</italic> com mais artigos. </p>
            <p>Para análise e validação do tipo de acesso, se híbrido ou aberto, o <italic>Directory of Open Access Journals</italic> (DOAJ) foi consultado, uma vez que a WoS fornece informações sobre os artigos, mas não sobre os periódicos. Foram levantados os Qualis Capes (quadriênio 2017-2020) para identificar o estrato de cada periódico, assumindo que esses dados podem influenciar na avaliação da qualidade dos programas de pós-graduação – o que interfere na distribuição de recursos para as instituições. O uso de indicadores métricos permite estimar o comportamento dos autores de determinada área (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cronin, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gingras, 2020</xref>). É necessário destacar as limitações dos estudos por área do conhecimento, que não permitem a generalização para as demais áreas, e a limitação da própria base.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
            <title>Resultados e Discussão</title>
            <p>Diante do crescente debate sobre acesso aberto e acordos transformativos, ou <italic>Read and Publishing</italic>, é relevante analisar as especificidades de um cenário cada vez mais comercial atuante no contexto da comunicação científica tendo a ciência como negócio, adaptando-se para dar conta das transformações advindas do movimento, bem como para dar continuidade à sua rentabilidade financeira, como apontam <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar e Martín-Martín (2024, p. 5)</xref> sobre o contexto da comunicação científica “[...] la mutación constante de las editoriales comerciales para que su negocio siga siendo rentable: ahora pasando del negocio de las revistas a las revistas negócio”. Assim, é importante estudar as demandas dos pesquisadores para otimizar a distribuição dos recursos.</p>
            <sec>
                <title> Periódicos onde os autores com vínculo institucional brasileiro publicam em títulos classificados como <italic>Physics</italic> na <italic>Springer</italic></title>
                <p>Autores da área de Física com vínculo institucional brasileiro publicaram 3.349 artigos em 2023 em títulos indexados na WoS considerando todos os <italic>publishers</italic>. Nos periódicos da <italic>Springer</italic>, editora objeto deste estudo, foram publicados 730 artigos distribuídos em 71 periódicos (ou 21,8% do total da área na base), com 451 autorias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>). A concentração é evidente: 295 artigos foram publicados em apenas dois títulos, o <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> (JHEP) e o <italic>European Physical Journal C</italic> (EPJ C), com 165 e 130 publicações respectivamente, representando 40,41% do total de artigos no <italic>publisher</italic>, seguidos de 11 títulos com 10 artigos ou mais. Os demais 58 periódicos publicaram ao todo 191 artigos, sendo que cada título publicou até três artigos no ano abordado.</p>
                <p>A classificação dos periódicos de acordo com o Qualis Capes indica que todos os títulos estão no estrato A e foi possível identificar uma relação direta entre o FI, os Quartis e o Qualis atribuído, evidenciando que esses títulos possuem altas taxas de citações, sendo influentes em sua área de atuação. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>, os 13 títulos que publicaram 10 artigos ou mais representam 18,3% do total de 71 periódicos da <italic>Springer</italic> e 73,83% do total de 730 artigos que compõem a pesquisa. Os dois títulos com maior número de artigos estão em acesso aberto diamante, sem cobrança de taxas devido ao financiamento integral do Consórcio <italic>Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics</italic> (SCOAP³). Os sites dos periódicos <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics e European Physical Journal C</italic> informam que:</p>
                <table-wrap id="t01">
                    <label>Tabela 1</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Categorização dos periódicos da Springer indexados na Web of Science onde autores com vínculo institucional brasileiro publicaram 10 artigos ou mais em 2023.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th align="left">Título</th>
                                <th>Qualis</th>
                                <th>Fator de Impacto</th>
                                <th>Quartil</th>
                                <th>Acesso</th>
                                <th>Artigos (N)</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic></td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>5.4</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Diamante</td>
                                <td>165</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>European Physical Journal</italic></td>
                                <td>A2</td>
                                <td>4.4</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Diamante</td>
                                <td>130</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>Brazilian Journal of Physics</italic></td>
                                <td>A3</td>
                                <td>1.6</td>
                                <td>Q4</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>47</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>European Physical Journal Plus</italic></td>
                                <td>A2</td>
                                <td>3.4</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>40</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>Journal of Molecular Modeling</italic></td>
                                <td>A4</td>
                                <td>2.2</td>
                                <td>Q3</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>40</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>International Journal of Biometeorology</italic></td>
                                <td>A2</td>
                                <td>3.2</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>23</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics</italic></td>
                                <td>A3</td>
                                <td>2.8</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>18</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>Quantum Information Processing</italic></td>
                                <td>A3</td>
                                <td>2.5</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>17</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>European Physical Journal A</italic></td>
                                <td>A2</td>
                                <td>2.6</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>14</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>Applied Physics A</italic></td>
                                <td>A3</td>
                                <td>2.7</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>12</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>Journal of Statistical Physics</italic></td>
                                <td>A3</td>
                                <td>1.6</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>12</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>European Physical Journal B</italic></td>
                                <td>A4</td>
                                <td>1.6</td>
                                <td>Q3</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>11</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"><italic>Photochemical &amp; Photobiological Sciences</italic></td>
                                <td>A4</td>
                                <td>3.1</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Subscrição</td>
                                <td>10</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td colspan="5" align="left">Total parcial</td>
                                <td>539</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td colspan="5" align="left">Outros 58 títulos</td>
                                <td>191</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td colspan="5" align="left">Total geral</td>
                                <td>730</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelas autoras (2024).</attrib>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <disp-quote>
                    <p>O <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> (JHEP) é um periódico totalmente em acesso aberto, com revisão por pares do tipo single-blind, totalmente patrocinado pelo SCOAP³ e de propriedade da <italic>International School for Advanced Studies</italic> (SISSA, Trieste, Itália). O JHEP aproveita as vantagens inovadoras das novas mídias: rapidez na comunicação, ampla difusão e a capacidade de operar e distribuir um periódico exclusivamente por meios eletrônicos</p>
                    <attrib>(Springer, 2025a, tradução nossa)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn07">7</xref>.</attrib>
                </disp-quote>
                <disp-quote>
                    <p>[...] O <italic>European Physical Journal</italic> C (EPJ C) é um periódico totalmente em acesso aberto, com revisão por pares do tipo single-blind, totalmente patrocinado pelo SCOAP<sup>3</sup>. O EPJ C apresenta resultados de pesquisa novos e originais em física de altas energias − experimental, teórica e computacional − em uma variedade de formatos, incluindo <italic>Reviews e Letters</italic></p>
                    <attrib>(Springer, 2025b, tradução nossa)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn08">8</xref>.</attrib>
                </disp-quote>
                <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Abadal (2012)</xref> aponta o caso SCOAP³como um exemplo de boas práticas de desenvolvimento de políticas relacionadas à ciência e à investigação para a promoção de modelos de acesso aberto. A concentração das publicações chegando a 40% dos artigos em 2,5% dos títulos é maior do que presume a Lei de Bradford e “permite estimar o grau de relevância de periódicos em dada área do conhecimento, que os periódicos que produzem o maior número de artigos sobre dado assunto formam um núcleo de periódicos, supostamente de maior qualidade ou relevância para aquela área” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Guedes; Borschiver, 2005, p. 3</xref>). Essa concentração se justifica, pelo menos parcialmente, pela política da SCOAP³, que financia periódicos do consórcio disciplinar liderado pela European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), que atua como anfitrião da SCOAP³ e se responsabiliza integralmente pelos serviços de publicação desde que os editores eliminem ou reduzam os custos de assinatura para todos os clientes, mesmo que suas instituições não possuam cobertura do consórcio − como é o caso do Brasil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics, 2024</xref>).</p>
                <p>Os artigos dos dois títulos com a maior concentração de publicações estão registrados na WoS como <italic>gold</italic>, mas como esses títulos não cobram taxas de publicação, os artigos deveriam ser classificados como diamante; entretanto, a opção diamante não aparece nas alternativas de classificação da WoS. Dentro da lógica do campo científico, essa via de acesso aberto pode ser vista como uma tentativa de equilibrar o capital científico ao reduzir barreiras econômicas que dificultam o acesso e a publicação em periódicos de prestígio. Ademais, o alto FI dos periódicos, a classificação Qualis, a credibilidade da instituição do <italic>publisher</italic> e a concentração de artigos explica a preferência dos autores.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title> Vínculo institucional dos artigos com pelo menos um autor brasileiro publicados em títulos classificados como <bold><italic>Physics</italic></bold> na <bold><italic>Springer</italic></bold> e indexados na WoS em 2023 </title>
                <p>A identificação do vínculo institucional dos autores da área da Física mostra um número significativo de instituições internacionais colaborando nos artigos, o que confirma a necessidade de estudos da produção científica por áreas do conhecimento para respeitar as especificidades de cada uma. Identificar quem são os autores correspondentes auxilia na identificação das principais instituições e dos países que estão financiando a pesquisa. Sobre isso, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref>, abordando estudos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bruns, Rimmert e Taubert (2020)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dotson <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Larivière <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rahman <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Taubert <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>, concluíram que, em geral, o primeiro autor ou o autor correspondente ou sua instituição tem mais chances de ser o responsável pelo pagamento de taxas de publicação. </p>
                <p>A colaboração internacional na área de Física é evidenciada pelas 9.278 instituições registradas como vínculos institucionais dos autores nos artigos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>). A tabela destaca as 10 instituições com maior número de artigos de autores brasileiros, sendo 412 correspondentes. Devido às colaborações, um artigo pode ser contabilizado mais de uma vez, vinculado a diferentes instituições. É possível estimar que os artigos têm em média 16 autores, ligados a pelo menos três instituições diferentes. O interesse em publicar em acesso aberto vai depender do grau de internacionalização da área, dos critérios de avaliação dos pesquisadores, dos recursos do(s) autor(es) − especialmente do correspondente − e do vínculo institucional deles, refletindo a globalização do conhecimento. De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Katz e Martin (1997, p. 7, tradução nossa)</xref>, a colaboração científica pode ser definida como “[...] o trabalho conjunto de pesquisadores para atingir um objetivo comum de produzir novos conhecimentos científicos”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn09">9</xref>.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t02">
                    <label>Tabela 2</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Vínculo institucional dos autores dos artigos com pelo menos um brasileiro em títulos classificados como <italic>Physics na Springer</italic>, indexados na <italic>Web of Science</italic> em 2023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th align="left">Vínculo institucional dos autores</th>
                                <th>País</th>
                                <th>Afiliações</th>
                                <th>Autores correspondentes</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Universidade de São Paulo</td>
                                <td>Brasil</td>
                                <td>204</td>
                                <td>49</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)</td>
                                <td>França</td>
                                <td>200</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)</td>
                                <td>Itália</td>
                                <td>196</td>
                                <td>5</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
                                <td>China</td>
                                <td>190</td>
                                <td>0</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Université Paris Cité</td>
                                <td>França</td>
                                <td>187</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">CNRS National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics IN2P3</td>
                                <td>França</td>
                                <td>184</td>
                                <td>3</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Université Paris-Saclay</td>
                                <td>França</td>
                                <td>184</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">United States Department of Energy (DOE)</td>
                                <td>Estados Unidos</td>
                                <td>183</td>
                                <td>0</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">University System of Ohio</td>
                                <td>Estados Unidos</td>
                                <td>183</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Helmholtz Association</td>
                                <td>Alemanha</td>
                                <td>180</td>
                                <td>1</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total parcial</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>1. 891</td>
                                <td>62</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Demais países</td>
                                <td>21</td>
                                <td>7. 387</td>
                                <td>74</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total filiações</td>
                                <td>9.278</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>198</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Nota:</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN01">
                            <label>*</label>
                            <p>As 10 instituições brasileiras com maior vínculo de autores correspondentes são, respectivamente: Universidade de São Paulo (49); Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (32); Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (16); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (13); Universidade Federal da Paraíba (12); Universidade Estadual de Campinas (10); Universidade Federal de Ceará (9); Universidade Federal Fluminense (9); Universidade Estadual Paulista (8) e Universidade Federal do Pará (8).</p>
                        </fn>
                        <attrib>Fonte: Web of Science (2024).</attrib>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>No caso da Física, não só a diversidade de autores, mas também de instituições mostram um alto índice de colaboração internacional. Nesse caso, um dos desafios que se apresenta é de qual ou quais instituições seria debitada a publicação do artigo no caso do pagamento de APCs. O modelo de acesso diamante elimina essa questão, pois a publicação já é paga pelo consórcio ou pelo <italic>publisher</italic>.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title> Instituições financiadoras das pesquisas dos artigos com pelo menos um autor brasileiro em títulos classificados como <italic>Physics</italic> publicados na <italic>Springer</italic></title>
                <p>As instituições financiadoras das pesquisas acompanham a diversidade do vínculo institucional dos autores. É notável que apenas nove instituições brasileiras foram identificadas entre as 226 instituições financiadoras mencionadas nos 730 artigos avaliados por esta pesquisa, sendo que três instituições concentram 756 registros de financiamento ou 4% do total de 9.414 financiamentos: o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), com 476 publicações financiadas; a Capes, com 280 publicações, e a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp), com 262 registros. A quantidade de autores por artigo possibilita inferir que as pesquisas vinculadas aos trabalhos publicados são financiadas por mais de uma instituição. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref> mostra as 10 instituições com maior número de registros de financiamento, representando 23,27% do total de financiadores. Os dados indicam uma significativa taxa de concentração de recursos em um grupo restrito de instituições, evidenciando a centralidade de apoio institucional à pesquisa.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t03">
                    <label>Tabela 3</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Instituições financiadoras das pesquisas dos artigos de autores com vínculo institucional brasileiro em títulos classificados como <italic>Physics</italic> na <italic>Springer</italic>, indexados na <italic>Web of Science</italic> em 2023.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th colspan="3" align="left">Instituições</th>
                                <th>País</th>
                                <th>Menções</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)</td>
                                <td>BRA</td>
                                <td>476</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes)</td>
                                <td>BRA</td>
                                <td>280</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp)</td>
                                <td>BRA</td>
                                <td>262</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">European Union (EU)</td>
                                <td>EU</td>
                                <td>176</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)</td>
                                <td>CHI</td>
                                <td>176</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">Federal Ministry of Education Research (BMBF)</td>
                                <td>ITA</td>
                                <td>168</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)</td>
                                <td>ITA</td>
                                <td>168</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">European Research Council (ERC)</td>
                                <td>BEL</td>
                                <td>165</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)</td>
                                <td>FRA</td>
                                <td>163</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">National Science Foundation (NSF)</td>
                                <td>USA</td>
                                <td>157</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"> Outras Instituições<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                                <td>216</td>
                                <td>Outros países</td>
                                <td>20</td>
                                <td>9.414</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td colspan="3" align="left">Média de artigos por instituição</td>
                                <td colspan="2">51</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Nota:</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN02">
                            <label>*</label>
                            <p>“Outras instituições” são aquelas contempladas no estudo, porém, com quantidade de menções inferior a 150. Totalizam 216 instituições de 20 países diferentes, que somam 9.414 menções.</p>
                        </fn>
                        <attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelas autoras com dados da <italic>Web of Science</italic> (2024).</attrib>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Os 730 artigos avaliados possuem indicação de 226 instituições de 27 países como financiadoras das pesquisas, com uma média de sete registros institucionais por artigo refletindo a dispersão dos autores e a colaboração de vários países nas publicações, o que torna a área sujeita aos padrões e critérios internacionais na seleção dos periódicos onde os artigos são publicados.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title> Referências utilizadas pelos artigos de autores com vínculo institucional brasileiro em títulos classificados como <italic>Physics</italic> publicados na <italic>Springer</italic></title>
                <p>A comparação entre os títulos onde os autores publicam e aqueles que os autores referenciam pode mostrar em que medida os contratos atendem às duas vertentes do acordo com determinado <italic>publisher</italic>: a leitura e a publicação de cada área do conhecimento. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 4</xref> mostra as referências mais utilizadas pelos 730 artigos que fazem parte do <italic>corpus</italic> desta pesquisa. O estudo das referências se justifica pela importância de saber quais títulos os autores indicam para registrar as citações que utilizam, o que influencia na construção dos indicadores Fator de Impacto e Quartis especialmente na área da Física, que tem o maior e mais consolidado repositório temático (arXiv), onde pelo menos uma versão de todos os artigos já publicados estaria depositado em acesso aberto para leitura. Embora repositórios institucionais e temáticos sejam considerados por parte da literatura como uma alternativa para as dificuldades de acesso, a chamada via verde, os dados encontrados sobre a Física mostram que a área não prescinde dos periódicos para os registros de referências.</p>
                <table-wrap id="t04">
                    <label>Tabela 4</label>
                    <caption>
                        <title>Descrição dos periódicos e das editoras indexados na <italic>Web of Science</italic> que foram referenciados mais de 100 vezes em 2023 por autores com vínculo institucional brasileiro.</title>
                    </caption>
                    <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                        <thead>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <th align="left">Título</th>
                                <th>Publisher</th>
                                <th>Qualis</th>
                                <th>FI</th>
                                <th>Quartil</th>
                                <th>Acesso</th>
                                <th>Referência (N)</th>
                            </tr>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Physical Review D</td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>4.6</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>1.736</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Physical Review Letters</td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>8.1</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>713</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Physical Review A</td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>2.6</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>318</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Physical Review B</td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>3.2</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>269</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Physical Review C</td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>3.2</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>138</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Physical Review E</td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>2.2</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>182</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left"> Physical Review<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>163</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Reviews of Modern Physics</td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>45.9</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>150</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total American Physical Society</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>3.669</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Journal of High Energy Physics</td>
                                <td>Springer</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>5.0</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Diamante</td>
                                <td>641</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">The European Physical Journal C</td>
                                <td>Springer</td>
                                <td>A2</td>
                                <td>4.2</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Diamante</td>
                                <td>465</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Nature</td>
                                <td>Springer</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>69.504</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>194</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Scientific Reports</td>
                                <td>Springer</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>4.997</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Gold</td>
                                <td>121</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total Springer</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1.421</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Physics Letters B</td>
                                <td>Elsevier</td>
                                <td>A2</td>
                                <td>4.3</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Diamante</td>
                                <td>549</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Nuclear Physics B</td>
                                <td>Elsevier</td>
                                <td>A3</td>
                                <td>2.5</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Diamante</td>
                                <td>286</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Physics Reports</td>
                                <td>Elsevier</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>23.9</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Gold</td>
                                <td>182</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Annals of Physics</td>
                                <td>Elsevier</td>
                                <td>A2</td>
                                <td>3.0</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Gold</td>
                                <td>110</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Journal of Alloys and Compounds</td>
                                <td>Elsevier</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>5.8</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Gold</td>
                                <td>103</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Physics Letters A</td>
                                <td>Elsevier</td>
                                <td>A3</td>
                                <td>2.3</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Gold</td>
                                <td>102</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total Elsevier</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>1.332</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Classical and Quantum Gravity</td>
                                <td>IOPScience</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>3.6</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>193</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">The Astrophysical Journal</td>
                                <td>IOPScience</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>4.8</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>182</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center">
                                <td align="left">Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics</td>
                                <td>IOPScience</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>5.3</td>
                                <td>Q2</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>166</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total IOPScience</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>541</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Science</td>
                                <td>AAAS</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>63.83</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>138</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total AAAS</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>138</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</td>
                                <td>Wiley</td>
                                <td>A1</td>
                                <td>4.8</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>190</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total Wiley</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>190</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">The Journal of Chemical Physics</td>
                                <td>APS</td>
                                <td>A2</td>
                                <td>3.6</td>
                                <td>Q1</td>
                                <td>Subscription</td>
                                <td>270</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total American Institute of Physics</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>270</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">arxiv</td>
                                <td>Cornell University</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>–</td>
                                <td>Green</td>
                                <td>251</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left">Total Cornell University</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>251</td>
                            </tr>
                            <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                <td align="left"> Outros títulos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">* 15.082</xref></td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>Total geral</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>22.894</td>
                            </tr>
                        </tbody>
                    </table>
                    <table-wrap-foot>
                        <fn>
                            <p>Nota:</p>
                        </fn>
                        <fn id="TFN03">
                            <label>*</label>
                            <p>Título descontinuado desde 1912. AAAS: <italic>American Association for the Advancement of Science</italic>; APS: <italic>American Physical Society</italic>; FI: Fator de Impacto</p>
                        </fn>
                        <attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelas autoras com dados da <italic>Web of Science</italic> (2024).</attrib>
                    </table-wrap-foot>
                </table-wrap>
                <p>Os dados mostram a diversidade de periódicos e de editoras referenciados nos artigos da amostra, mesmo em trabalhos publicados apenas em títulos da <italic>Springer</italic>, o que indica a impossibilidade de disponibilizar todos os títulos que os autores usam em um único acordo de leitura e publicação. Os <italic>publishers</italic> mais referenciados são: a American Physical Society (APS), com 3.669 menções (46,96%); a <italic>Springer</italic>, com 1.421 (18,18%); a Elsevier, com 1.332 menções (17,05%) e a IOPScience, com 541 (6,92%). É importante notar que, mesmo que se considere que todos os artigos estão no arXiv, o repositório contabilizou apenas 251 registros, ou 3,21% do total das referências registradas. Além do <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> (JHEP) e do <italic>European Physical Journal C</italic> (EPJ C) da Springer, financiados integralmente pelo consórcio SCOAP³, ainda foi possível identificar mais dois títulos na via diamante: o <italic>Physics Letters B</italic> e o <italic>Nuclear Physics B</italic>, ambos da Elsevier, com 100,00% de financiamento institucional, sem custos para autores ou leitores através do consórcio SCOAP³.</p>
                <p>Um caso relevante nas referências é o título <italic>Physical Review</italic>, da APS, que, embora tenha sido referenciado 163 vezes em artigos publicados em 2023, iniciou suas publicações em julho de 1893 e encerrou e retomou suas edições várias vezes ao longo dos anos, até que foi parcialmente incorporado ao periódico <italic>Physical Review Letters</italic> (1958–) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia, 2007</xref>). O <italic>Physical Review</italic> possui todos os seus números do primeiro período disponíveis para acesso no site da APS o que poderia justificar a quantidade de referências recebidas, para além do seu prestígio na área. De acordo com <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar e Martin-Martin (2024, p. 3, tradução nossa)</xref>, os periódicos científicos tendem a se dividir, pois “[...] a especialização constante conduz à divisão e subdivisão dos ramos científicos em disciplinas, especialidades, subespecialidades, domínios temáticos em contínua mudança e aceleração”<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10">10</xref>. Esse processo conduz o mercado editorial a ofertar novos títulos constantemente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Rodrigues <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>).</p>
                <p>A tendência é aumentar o negócio das editoras comerciais a partir do alargamento dos campos temáticos cobertos pelos periódicos, de modo a satisfazer e/ou criar demanda científica ampliando o número potencial de artigos publicáveis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar; Martin-Martin, 2024</xref>). O caso da <italic>Springer/Nature</italic> evidencia o alargamento dos campos temáticos e a construção de portfólios diversificados para revistas − como o <italic>Nature Portfólio</italic>, que reúne mais de 3 mil periódicos abrigando 7 milhões de artigos publicados, refletindo seus esforços para consolidar uma posição de liderança no mercado editorial científico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nature, c2025</xref>).</p>
                <p>Em relação aos acordos transformativos com a Capes, disponíveis no site da instituição, o mais abrangente é o contrato de leitura e publicação nº 16/2023, que tem como objeto a contratação do acesso a periódicos da <italic>Springer/Nature</italic>, ainda não oficializado, e sua disponibilização à comunidade científica brasileira por meio do Portal de Periódicos da Capes, com 1.891 periódicos do selo editorial Springer e 35 títulos relativos ao selo editorial <italic>Nature</italic>. Entretanto, dos 1.891 periódicos da <italic>Springer</italic>, os quatro com mais artigos referenciados − <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> (JHEP); <italic>European Physical Journal C</italic> (EPJ C); <italic>Nature e Scientific Reports-Uk</italic> − não estão listados. É possível inferir que o contrato não contempla todas as revistas do <italic>publisher</italic> − especialmente as em acesso aberto diamante, que são de maior interesse para os autores brasileiros da área de Física. Os dois primeiros periódicos são financiados em sua totalidade pelo consórcio SCOAP³.</p>
                <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Esteves (2024)</xref> critica o valor cobrado pela <italic>Nature</italic> para publicação em acesso aberto, anunciado em 2020 como uma taxa de até 9.500 €, cerca de R$58 mil, o que reflete a desigualdade entre pesquisadores de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento na corrida científica. O marketing da <italic>Nature</italic> afirma que os valores cobrados seriam para arcar com os custos da produção e da equipe editorial, com a justificativa de que os pesquisadores poderiam continuar publicando no modelo tradicional, onde as pesquisas ficam acessíveis apenas para os assinantes. O custo de publicação interfere na seleção dos periódicos nos quais os pesquisadores publicarão seus artigos e muitas vezes os leva a escolher um de menor prestígio para não ficarem para trás na corrida da produção científica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hanson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>). Além disso, os pesquisadores acabam referenciando uma variedade de artigos de periódicos de diferentes <italic>publishers</italic>, o que implica que vários acordos sejam necessários para atender as demandas de cada disciplina. Identificar as necessidades das áreas para além das ofertas das editoras pode contribuir para uma combinação de estratégias que atenda cada campo de conhecimento da melhor forma.</p>
            </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>Considerações Finais</title>
            <p>A comunicação científica é um sistema complexo, e as unidades “artigo” e “periódico” devem ser analisadas considerando suas variáveis intrínsecas: os artigos indicam os vínculos institucionais dos autores e os periódicos atuam como certificadores da publicação e indicadores de prestígio para os sistemas de avaliação. Os acordos de leitura e publicação ampliam os chamados <italic>big deals</italic>, a partir dos quais os “pacotes” de leitura passam a ter potencial para interferir também nos hábitos de publicação, pois a concentração do acesso em poucos títulos invisibiliza o acesso aos títulos que não podem ser lidos pelos pesquisadores. Como os acordos incluem também a publicação dos artigos, a interferência é ainda maior, pois o pesquisador tenderá não só a ler apenas os artigos dos periódicos aos quais tem acesso, mas também a publicar nos títulos nos quais as taxas já estão contratadas pela instituição, guardadas as especificidades dos hábitos e recompensas de cada área do conhecimento.</p>
            <p>O estudo do comportamento dos autores com vínculo brasileiro da área da Física mostra a importância de analisar a demanda a partir das preferências de publicação já consolidadas de determinada área com base em dados comprováveis e acessíveis dos pesquisadores. É importante indicar que este estudo se limita à área de Física, não sendo possível generalizações a outras áreas, sobre as quais devem ser conduzidos estudos específicos a partir do seu grau de internacionalização científica. </p>
            <p>Dessa forma, os resultados mostram a notável concentração de 40% do total dos 730 artigos da amostra publicados em apenas dois títulos em acesso aberto diamante da própria Springer, financiados pela SCOAP³: o <italic>Journal of High Energy Physics</italic> e o <italic>European Physical Journal C</italic>, sendo que 191 artigos estão dispersos em 58 outros títulos. A concentração excepcional dos artigos em dois títulos diamante mostra a relevância do acesso aberto diamante, que deveria ter uma designação própria na WoS. Os demais periódicos estão descritos como “subscrição”, o que necessitaria ser revisto para garantir a possibilidade de publicação no caso de um contrato, pois isso tornaria os títulos híbridos. Ainda assim, pode-se questionar a relevância para a produção científica da área, pois apenas 10 outros títulos têm mais de 10 artigos cada publicados.</p>
            <p>A diversidade institucional dos autores em cada artigo é relevante, assim como a variedade institucional do corpus analisado: são 7.387 autores vinculados a 65 instituições de 27 países, um indicador de alto índice de colaboração institucional. A instituição com maior número de registros é a Universidade de São Paulo, com 204 filiações institucionais − sendo 49 de autores correspondentes, seguida de várias instituições estrangeiras e das brasileiras Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, com 43 vínculos institucionais e 32 autores correspondentes, e Universidade Federal da Paraíba, com 12 vínculos institucionais e 3 autores correspondentes. O baixo número de instituições brasileiras com autoria na área indica que poucas instituições têm interesse na assinatura do contrato. O posicionamento de 412 autores brasileiros como correspondentes indica que mais da metade das publicações avaliadas é liderada pelo Brasil, com destaque para as universidades.</p>
            <p>Os registros nos artigos mostram a sobreposição de vários financiadores de diversos países no mesmo documento, com média de sete financiadores por artigo. Os países que apresentam mais registros de financiamento são o Brasil, com 1.401; a China, com 494 e a Espanha, com 365 registros. As instituições com mais registros de financiamento são as brasileiras CNPq, Capes e Fapesp, seguidas da União Europeia, da <italic>National Natural Science Foundation of China</italic>, das italianas <italic>Federal Ministry of Education Research</italic> (BMFTR) e <italic>Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare</italic> (INFN) e de outras 220 instituições de 23 países. A diversidade de fontes de financiamento de diferentes países confirmam a alta colaboração internacional da área. A existência de múltiplos autores e financiadores em cada artigo pode acarretar dificuldade em identificar o(s) responsável(eis) pelo pagamento das APCs em larga escala.</p>
            <p>As referências utilizadas pelos autores dos artigos mostram uma diversidade que vai muito além do <italic>publisher</italic> alvo deste estudo. A maior parte das referências está no <italic>publisher American Physical Society</italic>, com mais do que o dobro dos registros encontrados na <italic>Springer/Nature</italic>, seguido da Elsevier. Além do limitado número de referências com títulos da Springer, nota-se que os dois títulos com maior incidência de artigos publicados da editora são da via diamante financiada pela SCOAP³, com acesso e publicação já estão contemplados, mesmo sem a participação brasileira no consórcio. Os resultados mostram várias questões a serem analisadas nos estágios anteriores ao contrato. Além das especificidades de cada área do conhecimento, a identificação de títulos em acesso aberto diamante, a relação das instituições com potencial de publicar nos títulos do contrato, a possibilidade de colaboração de autores e países para o pagamento das taxas ou débito nos créditos de publicação e o detalhamento acerca das publicações mais referenciadas podem ser informações relevantes para estudos de adequação dos contratos ao cenário de cada área e de cada país. Os acordos de leitura e publicação ou acordos transformativos exigem análises sofisticadas para identificar a pertinência deles antes de serem assinados. A publicação dos acordos e a possibilidade de avaliação detalhada da utilização pode contribuir para a melhoria dos contratos e a identificação de alternativas que atendam às demandas dos pesquisadores. As várias alternativas de acesso à leitura e de publicação geram desafios para os bibliotecários e gestores das instituições de pesquisa, pois cada área vai exigir abordagens diferentes, incluindo a manutenção de subscrições, a assinatura de acordos de leitura e publicação, o pagamento de APCs, a participação em consórcios de acesso aberto diamante, a aquisição individual de artigos, a assinatura de periódicos específicos fora de pacotes de editoras e o suporte aos periódicos de cada instituição e país.</p>
        </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="other">
                <label>Como citar esse artigo:</label>
                <p>Brito, C. C. <italic>et al</italic>. Acordos de leitura e publicação: estudo da área de Física no Brasil e a Editora <italic>Springer/Nature</italic>. <italic>Transinformação</italic>, v. 37, e2515115, 2025. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0889202537e2515115pt">https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0889202537e2515115pt</ext-link></p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                <label>Apoio</label>
                <p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Edital 4/2021.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="other" id="fn05">
                <label>5</label>
                <p>Modelo de assinatura de periódicos científicos que surgiu na virada do milênio, voltado especialmente para consórcios de bibliotecas, aos quais foi oferecida a oportunidade de aumentar exponencialmente seu acesso à informação científica, quebrando, assim, a tendência anterior de cortes contínuos nas coleções de periódicos disponíveis nas bibliotecas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rodríguez-Bravo et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="other" id="fn06">
                <label>6</label>
                <p>No original: [...] <italic>that journals do not exist in a vacuum, but within a dynamic environment characterized by competition for high-quality manuscripts. Since peer-reviewed publications are still the key to academic career progression, a journal’s value is closely connected to the prestige it brings to authors</italic> [...] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Matthias; Jahn; Laakso, 2019, p. 5</xref>).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="other" id="fn07">
                <label>7</label>
                <p>No original: <italic>The Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP) is a full open-access single-blind peer-reviewed journal, fully sponsored by SCOAP</italic><sup><italic>3</italic></sup>
                    <italic>and owned by the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA, Trieste, Italy). JHEP capitalises on the innovative advantages of the new media: rapidity of communication, broad diffusion and the ability to run and distribute a journal solely by electronic means. [...] The European Physical Journal C (EPJ C) is a full open-access single-blind peer-reviewed journal, fully sponsored by SCOAP3. EPJ C presents new and original research results in experimental, theoretical and computational high-energy physics, in a variety of formats, including Reviews and Letters</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Springer, 2025a</xref>).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="other" id="fn08">
                <label>8</label>
                <p>No original: <italic>The Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP) is a full open-access single-blind peer-reviewed journal, fully sponsored by SCOAP</italic><sup><italic>3</italic></sup>
                    <italic>and owned by the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA, Trieste, Italy). JHEP capitalises on the innovative advantages of the new media: rapidity of communication, broad diffusion and the ability to run and distribute a journal solely by electronic means. [...] The European Physical Journal C (EPJ C) is a full open-access single-blind peer-reviewed journal, fully sponsored by SCOAP3. EPJ C presents new and original research results in experimental, theoretical and computational high-energy physics, in a variety of formats, including Reviews and Letters</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Springer, 2025b</xref>).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="other" id="fn09">
                <label>9</label>
                <p>No original: [...]<italic>the working together of researchers to achieve the common goal of producing new scien- tific knowledge</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Katz; Martin, 1997, p. 7</xref>).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
                <label>10</label>
                <p>No original: [...] <italic>la especialización constante conduce a la división y subdivisión de las ramas científicas en disciplinas, especialidades, subespecialidades, dominios temáticos en continuo cambio y aceleración</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar; Martin-Martin, 2024, p. 3</xref>).</p>
            </fn>
        </fn-group>
        <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
            <title>Disponibilidade dos Dados</title>
            <p>Os dados de pesquisa estão disponíveis no corpo do documento.</p>
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    <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
        <front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/2318-0889202537e2515115en</article-id>
            <article-categories>
                <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
                    <subject>ORIGINAL</subject>
                </subj-group>
            </article-categories>
            <title-group>
                <article-title>Read and publish agreements: A study of the physics field in Brazil and the Springer/Nature Publisher</article-title>
            </title-group>
            <contrib-group>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2412-2366</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Brito</surname>
                        <given-names>Camila de Cássia</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceptualization</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation">Data curation</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Formal analysis</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validation</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/visualization">Visualization</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Writing – original draft</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Writing – review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9639-6390</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
                        <given-names>Rosângela Schwarz</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceptualization</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation">Data curation</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Formal analysis</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision">Supervision</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validation</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Writing – review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1216-3494</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Café</surname>
                        <given-names>Luísa Chaves</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Formal analysis</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validation</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Writing – review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
                </contrib>
                <contrib contrib-type="author">
                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3776-2477</contrib-id>
                    <name>
                        <surname>Vieira</surname>
                        <given-names>Andrea Carvalho</given-names>
                    </name>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Formal analysis</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validation</role>
                    <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Writing – review and editing</role>
                    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
                </contrib>
            </contrib-group>
            <aff id="aff05">
                <label>1</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação. Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff06">
                <label>2</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Pará, Biblioteca Central, Coordenação de Serviços aos Usuários. Belém, PA, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff07">
                <label>3</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Biblioteca Central, Coordenadoria de Gestão da Informação Digital. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <aff id="aff08">
                <label>4</label>
                <institution content-type="original">Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Coordenadoria-Geral do Portal de Periódicos e Informação Científica. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
            </aff>
            <author-notes>
                <corresp id="c02">Correspondence to: C. C. BRITO. E-mail: <email>camilacbrito@ufpa.br</email>. </corresp>
                <fn fn-type="edited-by">
                    <label>Editor</label>
                    <p>Valéria dos Santos Gouveia Martins</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
                    <label>Conflict of interest</label>
                    <p>The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interest.</p>
                </fn>
            </author-notes>
            <abstract>
                <title>Abstract</title>
                <p>Changes in publishers’ business models challenge both the economics and open access to literature within the scientific communication system. To identify the reading and publishing behaviors of Brazilian researchers in the field of Physics in Springer/Nature journals, the following objectives were established: (a) to categorize the journals in which the authors publish; (b) to record the authors’ institutional affiliations; (c) to identify the research funders; and (d) to indicate the journals most frequently cited in the articles’ reference lists. The research follows an exploratory design with bibliometric techniques, and data were collected from the Web of Science using Physics articles published in 2023 and their references. The results show a high concentration of publications in a few titles: 730 articles (73% of the total) were distributed across 13 Springer/Nature journals with high impact factors, 40% of which were published in two open-access titles with no processing fees. The authors are concentrated in five Brazilian institutions with ten or more records and exhibit strong international collaboration with authors from 64 institutions across 27 countries. The articles identified 226 funding agencies from 27 countries, including nine from Brazil. A total of 22,894 references were analyzed, with the most frequent titles belonging to the American Physical Society. The findings indicate that a potential agreement with Springer/Nature would not include the journals in which Physics authors most frequently publish or cite. Agreements with a single publisher are insufficient to meet the demands of a field that also involves diamond journals, Article Processing Charges, and subscription-based contracts.</p>
            </abstract>
            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                <title>Keywords</title>
                <kwd>Open access</kwd>
                <kwd>Reading and publishing contracts</kwd>
                <kwd>Scientific publishing</kwd>
                <kwd>Transformative agreements</kwd>
            </kwd-group>
        </front-stub>
        <body>
            <sec sec-type="intro">
                <title>Introduction</title>
                <p>Changes in publishers’ business models have challenged funding agencies, researchers, libraries, research institutions, and countries. With the expansion of commercialization alternatives for scholarly articles, the various types of access have added layers of complexity to the scientific communication system. Technological advances, pressures from evaluation agencies for publication in high Impact Factor (IF) journals, and demands for transparency and access to publicly funded research have fueled debates on the economic sustainability of the publishing market and the equity of access to scientific results.</p>
                <p>A central issue in the discussion on access to scholarly publications is economic. Major commercial publishers have adapted to increase and/or maintain their profits by creating new packages and services, offering: (a) the still-prevalent journal subscription packages, known as big deals<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn05-en">5</xref>; (b) hybrid journals, which include both open-access and subscription-based articles, resulting in double charges for authors and readers; (c) new bigger deals, which combine open-access publication packages, subscription access, and publisher-owned metrics visualization tools; and (d) read and publish agreements that bundle journal access and open-access publishing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Aspesi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar &amp; Martín-Martín, 2024</xref>). Besides strategies adopted by major publishers to sustain their profits include the rising costs of Article Processing Charges (APCs).</p>
                <p>The configuration of read and publish agreements combines two essential scientific practices in a single package: the ongoing need for reading and staying updated, and the demand for publishing research results. Just as big deals influence which journals researchers can access – and thus tend to use and cite more frequently (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rodríguez-Bravo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>) – the set of journals included in read and publish agreements can influence authors’ choices of publication venues. Implementing read and publish agreements requires studies that consider the publication behavior of authors by field of knowledge, country or institution, and publisher, since these analyses provide the foundation for contractual negotiations. Mapping publication and reading behavior helps identify the interests of key stakeholders (funders, authors, institutions, and publishers), thereby supporting decision-making.</p>
                <p>The Efficiency and Standards for Article Charges (ESAC) initiative of the Max Planck Digital Library recommends best practices for establishing publishing agreements, including the responsibilities institutions should require from publishers. These recommendations aim to ensure that agreements align with the goals of open access, particularly the promotion of equitable and democratic access to scientific knowledge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Efficiency and Standards for Open Access Article Charges, 2017</xref>).</p>
                <p>The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC, c2007-2025) highlights that such agreements should consider financial data and the impact on equitable access to scholarly knowledge. Beyond evaluating whether a publisher’s open access (OA) model aligns with institutional values, SPARC stresses the importance of data such as downloads and citations of the publisher’s works by the institution and the number of institutional publications involving the publisher, including access type and APC expenditures. Providing information on publication distribution metrics reveals gaps and trends that can guide sustainable open access policies and help understand the publication behavior of authors within specific fields of knowledge when selecting journals for reading and publishing. Accordingly, the Web of Science (WoS) was selected as the data source for this study due to its reliability, relevance, and data availability for bibliometric analyses, as well as its accessibility through the portal of the <italic>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</italic> (Capes, Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel). The Physics field was chosen because of its pioneering role in providing open-access scientific literature through the green route, represented by arXiv, which is the first and most established subject-based preprint repository, widely used by researchers in the field. This makes it reasonable to assume that at least one version of all published articles is available in open access (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Björk <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Larivière <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).</p>
                <p>The read and publish model calls for research that can address the scope and limitations of publishers’ proposals prior to contract signing. The overall goal of this study is to identify the potential reading and publishing interests of Physics researchers affiliated with Brazilian institutions in Springer titles. Specifically, the objectives are: (a) to categorize the journals in which the authors publish; (b) to identify the authors’ institutional affiliations; (c) to indicate the research funders; and (d) to determine which journals are most frequently cited in the articles’ reference lists.</p>
                <p>The Springer/Nature publisher was selected due to its pilot read and publish project with the Capes Journal Portal, announced on Springer’s website in December 2023 but not yet made available at the time of this article’s submission. Springer stands out as the second most frequent publisher of articles by authors affiliated with Brazilian institutions in 2020, ranking just behind Elsevier (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Anselmo, 2022</xref>).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>Literature Review</title>
                <p>Publishing in a prestigious journal remains the most established way to demonstrate the originality of a study and to confirm that its results were robust enough to withstand peer skepticism. Published articles enable access to certified research findings, document negotiation and critique processes, and establish languages and methodologies that are accepted and validated by scientific communities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Merton, 1979</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Whitley, c2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ziman, 1981</xref>). Changes in technological resources, evaluation systems, and funders’ pressures regarding where articles should be published influence researchers’ choices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Guédon <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Merton, 1979</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Whitley, c2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ziman, 1981</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Matthias, Jahn and Laakso (2019, p. 5)</xref> highlight that:</p>
                <disp-quote>
                    <p>[...] journals do not exist in a vacuum, but within a dynamic environment characterized by competition for high-quality manuscripts. Since peer-reviewed publications are still the key to academic career progression, a journal’s value is closely connected to the prestige it brings to authors [...].</p>
                </disp-quote>
                <p>It is important to recognize the values of science as an essential part of the academic institution, since “the origin of scientific publication lies in the requirement of the scientific method that knowledge be publicly disseminated so that the scientific community can use and verify its validity” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar; Martín-Martín, 2024, p. 3</xref>). Evaluation systems and the criteria used to classify productivity, impact, and scientific relevance are central to scientific communication, as they record researchers’ work and are essential for identifying scientific capital. The pursuit of prestige determines researchers’ choices, guided by strategies that aim at academic recognition, career advancement, and professional status (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bourdieu, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gingras, 2020</xref>).</p>
                <p>The expansion of open access has brought greater transparency and introduced new variables into multiple stages of scientific communication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cronin, 2014</xref>), requiring constant updates in studies addressing this topic. Open access has advanced due to: (a) the growing number of access alternatives to scholarly articles; (b) the increasing pressure from funding agencies to publish in open access; (c) the rising costs of gold-route APCs; and (d) the worldwide growth in the number of researchers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Abadal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Borrego, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Guédon <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). Consequently, read and publish or transformative agreements have been discussed from multiple perspectives, employing various approaches and critical analyses regarding the advantages, limitations, and operational challenges of their implementation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Borrego; Anglada; Abadal, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Borrego, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Schmal, 2024</xref>).</p>
                <p>The resources allocated by each institution and/or country to journal subscriptions (big deals or individual titles), article purchases, read and publish agreements, national journal funding, and APC payments determine how financial resources are distributed across the different access and publishing models within the scientific literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Abadal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Anglada; Abadal, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Borrego, 2023</xref>).</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="methods">
                <title>Methodological Procedures</title>
                <p>This exploratory, quantitative study employs bibliometric techniques to identify the behavior of Brazilian authors publishing in journals classified under the Physics category in WoS and belonging to Springer. The study fits within what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Alencar and Barbosa (2022)</xref> describe as the pre-agreement stage, as analyzing the publication behavior of a given country and field prior to the signing of read and publish contracts can offer valuable insights for evaluating the suitability of proposed agreements.</p>
                <p>Physics journals are distributed among different publishers, but it is reasonable to assume that most articles are available in arXiv (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://info.arxiv.org/about/index-en.html">https://info.arxiv.org/about/index.html</ext-link>), a well-established subject repository moderated by volunteers and operated by Cornell University (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Larivière <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). Studies using a single database as a data source face limitations regarding the number of titles indexed per field of knowledge. Moreover, it is challenging to compare disciplinary classifications across different databases, national systems, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) taxonomy. However, WoS privileges journals published by major commercial publishers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Melo; Trinca; Maricato, 2021</xref>), including Springer, which ensures representative coverage of the research object.</p>
                <p>To understand the reading behavior of authors in a given field, as recommended by SPARC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, c2007-2025</xref>), the study analyzed the main journals (from all publishers) cited in the reference lists of Physics articles. These journals were then cross-checked against those offered by Springer to estimate researchers’ potential interest in citing the titles included in the contract. The use of references as data is justified by the certainty that the cited articles were indeed read, the unavailability of access data, and the assurance that such access can occur via arXiv.</p>
                <p>To identify where Physics authors publish, an advanced search was conducted in June 2024 in WoS using the query: CU = (Brazil) AND PUBL = (Springer) AND PY = (2023),and filtered by document type (article and review article) and research area (physics). To identify the references used by the authors, data were exported using the options tab-delimited file and full record and cited references, extracting 500 records at a time as text files. The data were then manually organized in spreadsheets, including information on each journal, authorship, institutional affiliation, and funding agencies. Filters were applied to identify journals and publishers with the highest number of articles.</p>
                <p>To analyze and validate the type of access, whether hybrid or open, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) was consulted, since WoS provides information about articles but not about journals. The Qualis Capes classification (2017-2020) was also collected to identify each journal’s rank, assuming that these data may influence graduate program evaluations and, consequently, the distribution of institutional resources. The use of bibliometric indicators allows the estimation of authors’ behavioral patterns within a given field (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cronin, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gingras, 2020</xref>). However, it is important to emphasize the limitations of area-specific studies, which prevent generalization to other fields, as well as the limitations inherent to the database itself.</p>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
                <title>Results and Discussion</title>
                <p>Given the growing debate on open access and transformative agreements, or Read and Publish, it is relevant to analyze the specificities of an increasingly commercial scenario in the context of scientific communication, in which science itself has become a business. This market adapts to cope with transformations arising from the open access movement while maintaining its financial profitability, as pointed out by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar and Martín-Martín (2024, p. 5, own translation)</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn06-en">6</xref>: “[...] the constant mutation of commercial publishers so that their business remains profitable: now moving from the journal business to the business of journals”. Therefore, it is important to study researchers’ needs in order to optimize the allocation of resources.</p>
                <sec>
                    <title>Journals in which authors affiliated with Brazilian institutions publish in titles classified as Physics by Springer</title>
                    <p>In 2023, authors in the field of Physics affiliated with Brazilian institutions published 3,349 articles in titles indexed in WoS, considering all publishers. Within the journals published by Springer, which is the focus of this study, 730 articles were published across 71 journals (representing 21.8% of the total publications in the field within the database), accounting for 451 authorships (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>). The concentration is evident: 295 articles were published in only two titles (Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP) and European Physical Journal C (EPJ C) with 165 and 130 publications, respectively, representing 40.41% of the publisher’s total number of articles. These were followed by 11 titles with 10 or more articles each. The remaining 58 journals collectively published 191 articles, each contributing up to three articles in the analyzed year.</p>
                    <table-wrap id="t05">
                        <label>Table 1</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Categorization of Springer Journals indexed in the Web of Science in which authors affiliated with Brazilian institutions published 10 or more articles in 2023.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead>
                                <tr align="left">
                                    <th>Title</th>
                                    <th>Qualis</th>
                                    <th>Impact Factor</th>
                                    <th>Quartile</th>
                                    <th>Access</th>
                                    <th>Articles (N)</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Journal of High Energy Physics</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>5.4</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Diamond</td>
                                    <td>165</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">European Physical Journal C</td>
                                    <td>A2</td>
                                    <td>4.4</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Diamond</td>
                                    <td>130</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Brazilian Journal of Physics</td>
                                    <td>A3</td>
                                    <td>1.6</td>
                                    <td>Q4</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>47</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">European Physical Journal Plus</td>
                                    <td>A2</td>
                                    <td>3.4</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>40</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Journal of Molecular Modeling</td>
                                    <td>A4</td>
                                    <td>2.2</td>
                                    <td>Q3</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>40</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">International Journal of Biometeorology</td>
                                    <td>A2</td>
                                    <td>3.2</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>23</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics</td>
                                    <td>A3</td>
                                    <td>2.8</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>18</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Quantum Information Processing</td>
                                    <td>A3</td>
                                    <td>2.5</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>17</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">European Physical Journal A</td>
                                    <td>A2</td>
                                    <td>2.6</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>14</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Applied Physics A</td>
                                    <td>A3</td>
                                    <td>2.7</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>12</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Journal of Statistical Physics</td>
                                    <td>A3</td>
                                    <td>1.6</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>12</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">European Physical Journal B</td>
                                    <td>A4</td>
                                    <td>1.6</td>
                                    <td>Q3</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>11</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Photochemical &amp; Photobiological Sciences</td>
                                    <td>A4</td>
                                    <td>3.1</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>10</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Partial total</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>539</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Other 58 titles</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>191</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Grand total</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>730</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors (2024).</attrib>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>The classification of journals according to the Qualis Capes evaluation system indicates that all titles fall into stratum A. A direct relationship was observed between IF, quartile ranking, and Qualis classification, highlighting that these titles have high citation rates and are influential within their area. In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 1</xref>, the 13 titles that published 10 or more articles represent 18.3% of the 71 Springer journals but account for 73.83% of the 730 articles analyzed. The two titles with the largest number of publications operate under a diamond open access model, with no publication fees due to full funding from the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics (SCOAP³). The journal websites of the Journal of High Energy Physics and the European Physical Journal C state that:</p>
                    <disp-quote>
                        <p>The Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP) is a full open-access single-blind peer-reviewed journal, fully sponsored by SCOAP3 and owned by the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA, Trieste, Italy). JHEP capitalises on the innovative advantages of the new media: rapidity of communication, broad diffusion and the ability to run and distribute a journal solely by electronic means</p>
                        <attrib>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Springer, 2025a</xref>).</attrib>
                    </disp-quote>
                    <disp-quote>
                        <p>[...] The European Physical Journal C (EPJ C) is a full open-access single-blind peer-reviewed journal, fully sponsored by SCOAP3. EPJ C presents new and original research results in experimental, theoretical and computational high-energy physics, in a variety of formats, including Reviews and Letters </p>
                        <attrib>(Springer, 2025).</attrib>
                    </disp-quote>
                    <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Abadal (2012)</xref> identifies the SCOAP³ initiative as a case of good practice in the development of science and research policies promoting open access models. The concentration of publications, reaching 40% of articles in only 2.5% of the titles, is greater than that predicted by Bradford’s Law and “makes it possible to estimate the degree of relevance of journals in a given area of knowledge, since journals that produce the largest number of articles on a given subject form a core of journals supposedly of higher quality or relevance to that area” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Guedes; Borschiver, 2005, p. 3</xref>). This concentration can be justified, at least in part, by the SCOAP³ policy, which funds journals within the disciplinary consortium led by the <italic>Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire</italic> (CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research). This organization acts as the host institution of SCOAP³ and is fully responsible for publishing services, that publishers eliminate or reduce subscription costs for all customers, even those whose institutions are not covered by the consortium – as is the case for Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics, 2024</xref>).</p>
                    <p>The articles in the two titles with the highest concentration of publications are registered in WoS as gold, although these titles charge no publication fees these articles should technically be classified as diamond; however, the diamond option is not available in WoS classification categories. Within the logic of the scientific area, this open access model can be seen as an attempt to balance scientific capital by reducing economic barriers that hinder access to and publication in prestigious journals. Furthermore, the high IFs of the journals, their Qualis classification, the publisher’s credibility, and the high concentration of publications explain the authors’ preference for these titles.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Institutional affiliation of articles with at least one Brazilian author published in titles classified as Physics by Springer and indexed in WoS in 2023</title>
                    <p>The identification of institutional affiliations of authors in the field of Physics reveals a significant number of international institutions collaborating in these articles, confirming the need for studies that analyze scientific production by specific fields of knowledge to account for their distinct characteristics. Identifying corresponding authors helps to determine the main institutions and countries funding the research. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> (2022)</xref>, drawing on studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bruns, Rimmert, and Taubert (2020)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dotson <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Larivière <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rahman <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>; and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Taubert <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>, concluded that, in general, the first author, corresponding author, or their institution is most likely to be responsible for paying publication fees.</p>
                    <p>International collaboration in Physics is evidenced by the 9,278 institutions recorded as authors’ affiliations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 2</xref>). The table lists the 10 institutions with the largest number of articles by Brazilian authors, totaling 412 corresponding authorships. Due to the collaborative nature of these publications, an article may be counted more than once, being associated with multiple institutions. It is estimated that, on average, each article includes 16 authors affiliated with at least three different institutions. Interest in publishing in open access will depend on the degree of internationalization of the field, researchers’ evaluation criteria, the financial resources of the author(s), particularly the corresponding author, and their institutional affiliation, reflecting the globalization of knowledge. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Katz and Martin (1997, p. 7)</xref>, scientific collaboration can be defined as “[…] the working together of researchers to achieve the common goal of producing new scientific knowledge”.</p>
                    <table-wrap id="t06">
                        <label>Table 2</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Institutional affiliations of authors of articles with at least one Brazilian author in titles classified as physics by Springer and indexed in the Web of Science in 2023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <th align="left">Institutional Affiliation</th>
                                    <th>Country</th>
                                    <th>Affiliations</th>
                                    <th>Corresponding Authors</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">University of São Paulo</td>
                                    <td>Brazil</td>
                                    <td>204</td>
                                    <td>49</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left"><italic>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</italic> (CNRS) </td>
                                    <td>France</td>
                                    <td>200</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left"><italic>Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare</italic> (INFN) </td>
                                    <td>Italy</td>
                                    <td>196</td>
                                    <td>5</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
                                    <td>China</td>
                                    <td>190</td>
                                    <td>0</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Paris Cité University</td>
                                    <td>France</td>
                                    <td>187</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">CNRS National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3)</td>
                                    <td>France</td>
                                    <td>184</td>
                                    <td>3</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Paris-Sarclay University</td>
                                    <td>France</td>
                                    <td>184</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)</td>
                                    <td>United States</td>
                                    <td>183</td>
                                    <td>0</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">University System of Ohio</td>
                                    <td>United States</td>
                                    <td>183</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Helmholtz Association</td>
                                    <td>Germany</td>
                                    <td>180</td>
                                    <td>1</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Partial total</td>
                                    <td>–</td>
                                    <td>1,891</td>
                                    <td>62</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Other countries</td>
                                    <td>21</td>
                                    <td>7,387</td>
                                    <td>74</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Total of affiliations</td>
                                    <td>9,278</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>198</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <fn>
                                <p>Note:</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN04">
                                <label>*</label>
                                <p>The 10 Brazilian institutions with the largest number of corresponding authors are: University of São Paulo (USP, 49); Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, 32); São Paulo State University (UNIFESP, 16); Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC, 13); Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB, 12); University of Campinas (UNICAMP, 10); Federal University of Ceará (UFCE, 9); Fluminense Federal University (UFF, 9); University of the State of São Paulo (UNESP, 8); and Federal University of Pará (UFPA, 8).</p>
                            </fn>
                            <attrib>Source: Web of Science (2024).</attrib>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>In Physics, the diversity of both authors and institutions reflects a high level of international collaboration. In this context, one of the challenges that arises concerns which institution (or institutions) would be charged for the article’s publication in the event of APCs. The diamond open access model eliminates this issue, as publication costs are covered by the consortium or the publisher.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>Funding institutions for research in articles with at least one Brazilian author published in titles classified as Physics by Springer</title>
                    <p>The funding institutions for these studies reflect the diversity of the authors’ institutional affiliations. Notably, only nine Brazilian institutions were identified among the 226 funding organizations mentioned across the 730 articles analyzed in this study. Three of these institutions account for 756 funding acknowledgments, or 4% of the total 9,414 funding records: the <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic> (CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development), with 476 funded publications; Capes, with 280; and the <italic>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</italic> (Fapesp, São Paulo Research Foundation), with 262. The number of authors per article suggests that the research linked to these publications is often funded by more than one institution. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Table 3</xref> lists the 10 institutions with the highest number of funding records, representing 23.27% of all funding organizations. These data indicate a significant concentration of financial resources within a small group of institutions, highlighting the central role of institutional support for research.</p>
                    <table-wrap id="t07">
                        <label>Table 3</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Funding institutions for research in articles by authors affiliated with Brazilian institutions in titles classified as physics by Springer and indexed in the Web of Science in 2023.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <th colspan="3" align="left">Institution</th>
                                    <th>Country</th>
                                    <th>Mentions</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td colspan="3" align="left">National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)</td>
                                    <td>BRA</td>
                                    <td>476</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td colspan="3" align="left">Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes)</td>
                                    <td>BRA</td>
                                    <td>280</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td colspan="3" align="left">São Paulo Research Foundation (Fapesp)</td>
                                    <td>BRA</td>
                                    <td>262</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td colspan="3" align="left">European Union (EU)</td>
                                    <td>EU</td>
                                    <td>176</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td colspan="3" align="left">National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)</td>
                                    <td>CHI</td>
                                    <td>176</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td colspan="3" align="left">Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)</td>
                                    <td>ITA</td>
                                    <td>168</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td colspan="3" align="left"><italic>Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare</italic> (INFN, National Institute for Nuclear Physics) </td>
                                    <td>ITA</td>
                                    <td>168</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td colspan="3" align="left">European Research Council (ERC)</td>
                                    <td>BEL</td>
                                    <td>165</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left"><italic>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</italic> (CNRS, National Center for Scientific Research) </td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>FRA</td>
                                    <td>163</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">National Science Foundation (NSF)</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>USA</td>
                                    <td>157</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left"> Other institutions<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                                    <td>216 </td>
                                    <td>Other countries</td>
                                    <td>20</td>
                                    <td>9,414</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Average articles per institution</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td colspan="2">51</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <fn>
                                <p>Note:</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN05">
                                <label>*</label>
                                <p>“Other institutions” refers to those included in the study with fewer than 150 mentions. These total 216 institutions across 20 countries, accounting for 9,414 mentions.</p>
                            </fn>
                            <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors using data from the Web of Science (2024).</attrib>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>The 730 articles analyzed include references to 226 funding institutions from 27 countries, with an average of seven institutional funding records per article. This reflects both the dispersion of authors and the international collaboration involved in these publications, making the field subject to international standards and criteria in selecting the journals where articles are published.</p>
                </sec>
                <sec>
                    <title>References used by articles authored by researchers affiliated with Brazilian institutions in titles classified as physics published by Springer</title>
                    <p>Comparing the journals in which authors publish with those they reference helps to evaluate the extent to which the contracts meet the two key dimensions of agreements with a given publisher: reading and publishing within each field of knowledge. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Table 4</xref> presents the most frequently cited references among the 730 articles that comprise the corpus of this study. Analyzing references is important for identifying which journals are most cited by authors, as these citations influence the construction of bibliometric indicators such as impact factor and quartile rankings, especially in Physics, which has the largest and most established thematic repository (arXiv). In this repository, at least one version of every published article should be available in open access for reading. Although institutional and thematic repositories (known as the green route) are considered by some in the literature as alternatives to access barriers, the data for Physics indicate that the field still relies on journals for registering references.</p>
                    <table-wrap id="t08">
                        <label>Table 4</label>
                        <caption>
                            <title>Description of journals and publishers indexed in the web of science that were cited more than 100 times in 2023 by authors affiliated with Brazilian institutions.</title>
                        </caption>
                        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                            <thead>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <th align="left">Title</th>
                                    <th>Publisher</th>
                                    <th>Qualis</th>
                                    <th>IF</th>
                                    <th>Quartile</th>
                                    <th>Access</th>
                                    <th>Citations (N)</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physical Review D</td>
                                    <td>APS</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>4.6</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>1,736</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physical Review Letters</td>
                                    <td>APS</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>8.1</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>713</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physical Review A</td>
                                    <td>APS</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>2.6</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>318</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physical Review B</td>
                                    <td>APS</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>3.2</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>269</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physical Review C</td>
                                    <td>APS</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>3.2</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>138</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physical Review E</td>
                                    <td>APS</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>2.2</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>182</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physical Review <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                                    <td>APS</td>
                                    <td>–</td>
                                    <td>–</td>
                                    <td>–</td>
                                    <td>–</td>
                                    <td>163</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Reviews of Modern Physics</td>
                                    <td>APS</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>45.9</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>150</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Total American Physical Society</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>3,669</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Journal of High Energy Physics</td>
                                    <td>Springer</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>5.0</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Diamond</td>
                                    <td>641</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left"> The European Physical Journal <italic>C</italic></td>
                                    <td>Springer</td>
                                    <td>A2</td>
                                    <td>4.2</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Diamond</td>
                                    <td>465</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Nature</td>
                                    <td>Springer</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>69.504</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>194</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Scientific Reports</td>
                                    <td>Springer</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>4.997</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Gold</td>
                                    <td>121</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Total Springer</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>1,421</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Physics Letters B</td>
                                    <td>Elsevier</td>
                                    <td>A2</td>
                                    <td>4.3</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Diamond</td>
                                    <td>549</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Nuclear Physics B</td>
                                    <td>Elsevier</td>
                                    <td>A3</td>
                                    <td>2.5</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Diamond</td>
                                    <td>286</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physics Reports</td>
                                    <td>Elsevier</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>23.9</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Gold</td>
                                    <td>182</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Annals of Physics</td>
                                    <td>Elsevier</td>
                                    <td>A2</td>
                                    <td>3.0</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Gold</td>
                                    <td>110</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Journal of Alloys and Compounds</td>
                                    <td>Elsevier</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>5.8</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Gold</td>
                                    <td>103</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Physics Letters A</td>
                                    <td>Elsevier</td>
                                    <td>A3</td>
                                    <td>2.3</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Gold</td>
                                    <td>102</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Total Elsevier</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>1,332</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Classical and Quantum Gravity</td>
                                    <td>IOPScience</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>3.6</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>193</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">The Astrophysical Journal</td>
                                    <td>IOPScience</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>4.8</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>182</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics</td>
                                    <td>IOPScience</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>5.3</td>
                                    <td>Q2</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>166</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Total IOPScience</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>541</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center">
                                    <td align="left">Science</td>
                                    <td>AAAS</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>63.83</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>138</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Total AAAS</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>138</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</td>
                                    <td>Wiley</td>
                                    <td>A1</td>
                                    <td>4.8</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>190</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Total Wiley</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>190</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">The Journal of Chemical Physics</td>
                                    <td>AIP</td>
                                    <td>A2</td>
                                    <td>3.6</td>
                                    <td>Q1</td>
                                    <td>Subscription</td>
                                    <td>270</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Total American Institute of Physics</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>270</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">arXiv</td>
                                    <td>Cornell University</td>
                                    <td>–</td>
                                    <td>–</td>
                                    <td>–</td>
                                    <td>Green</td>
                                    <td>251</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left">Total Cornell University</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>251</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr align="center" style="border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                                    <td align="left"> Other titles<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref> 15,082 </td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>Grand total</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>&nbsp;</td>
                                    <td>22,894</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                        <table-wrap-foot>
                            <fn>
                                <p>Note:</p>
                            </fn>
                            <fn id="TFN06">
                                <label>*</label>
                                <p>Discontinued title since 1912. AAAS: American Association for the Advancement of Science; APS: American Physical Society; IF: Impact Factor.</p>
                            </fn>
                            <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors using data from the Web of Science (2024).</attrib>
                        </table-wrap-foot>
                    </table-wrap>
                    <p>The data reveal the diversity of journals and publishers cited in the sampled articles, even when the works were published exclusively in Springer titles. This finding indicates that it would be impossible to make all the journals cited by authors available under a single read-and-publish agreement. The most frequently cited publishers were: the American Physical Society (APS), with 3,669 mentions (46.96%); Springer, with 1,421 (18.18%); Elsevier, with 1,332 (17.05%); and IOPScience, with 541 (6.92%). It is important to note that even though all the articles are presumably available on arXiv, the repository accounted for only 251 records, or 3.21% of all references cited. In addition to Springer’s Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP) and European Physical Journal C (EPJ C), fully funded by the SCOAP³ consortium, two other diamond open access titles were identified: Physics Letters B and Nuclear Physics B, both published by Elsevier and fully funded institutionally, with no costs to authors or readers through SCOAP³.</p>
                    <p>A relevant case among the cited titles is Physical Review, published by APS. Although it was cited 163 times in articles published in 2023, its publication began in July 1893, and it has been interrupted and resumed several times over the years until it was partially incorporated into Physical Review Letters (1958–) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><italic>Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia</italic> (IBICT, Brazilian Institute of Information in Science and Technology, 2007</xref>). Physical Review has all its earlier issues freely available on the APS website, which may partly explain its high number of citations, beyond its established prestige in the field. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar and Martin-Martin (2024, p. 3, own translation)</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn07-en">7</xref>, scientific journals tend to split, as “constant specialization leads to the division and subdivision of scientific branches into disciplines, specialties, sub-specialties, and thematic domains in continuous change and acceleration”. This process drives the publishing market to continuously launch new titles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Rodrigues <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>).</p>
                    <p>The trend is for commercial publishers to expand their business by broadening the thematic scope of their journals to meet and/or create scientific demand, thereby increasing the potential number of publishable articles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar; Martin-Martin, 2024</xref>). The case of Springer/Nature illustrates this expansion of thematic areas and the construction of diversified journal portfolios – such as the Nature Portfolio, which includes over 3,000 journals hosting more than seven million published articles, reflecting the publisher’s efforts to consolidate its leadership position in the scientific publishing market (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Nature, c2025</xref>).</p>
                    <p>Regarding the transformative agreements with Capes, available on the institution’s website, the most comprehensive one is the Read and Publish Contract No. 16/2023. Its purpose is to provide access to Springer/Nature journals (yet to be officially implemented) and make them available to the Brazilian scientific community through the Capes Journal Portal. The contract covers 1,891 journals under the Springer imprint and 35 under the Nature imprint. However, among the 1,891 Springer journals, the four most frequently cited titles – Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP), European Physical Journal C (EPJ C), Nature, and Scientific Reports-UK – are not listed. It can thus be inferred that the contract does not include all the publisher’s journals, particularly those in diamond open access, which are of greater interest to Brazilian authors in the field of Physics. The first two titles are fully funded by the SCOAP³ consortium.</p>
                    <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Esteves (2024)</xref> criticizes the publication fees charged by Nature for open access, announced in 2020 as up to €9,500 reflecting the inequality between researchers from developed and developing countries in the scientific race. According to Nature’s marketing, the fees cover production and editorial staff costs, with the justification that researchers can still publish under the traditional model, where research remains accessible only to subscribers. Publication costs affect authors’ journal choices and often lead them to select lower-prestige outlets to keep up in the competitive scientific publishing environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hanson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>). Furthermore, researchers frequently cite articles from a wide range of publishers, implying that multiple agreements are required to meet the needs of each discipline. Identifying the specific needs of each field, beyond what publishers offer, can help develop strategies that are better suited to each domain of knowledge.</p>
                </sec>
            </sec>
            <sec sec-type="conclusions">
                <title>Final Considerations</title>
                <p>Scientific communication is a complex system, and the units “article” and “journal” must be analyzed by considering their intrinsic variables: articles reveal the institutional affiliations of authors, while journals act as certifiers of publication and as indicators of prestige in evaluation systems. Read-and-publish agreements expand the so-called big deals, in which reading packages now have the potential to influence publishing habits as well. The concentration of access in a limited number of titles makes or turns or tends to turn other journals invisible to researchers who cannot access them. Because these agreements also include publication rights, the level of influence is even greater, as researchers tend not only to read the journals to which they have access but also to publish in the titles for which their institutions have prepaid publishing fees, according to the specific habits and reward systems of each field.</p>
                <p>The analysis of Physics authors affiliated with Brazilian institutions highlights the importance of examining publication demand based on the established preferences of each research field, using verifiable and accessible data. This study is limited to the field of Physics and therefore cannot be generalized to other areas, for which specific studies should be conducted according to their degree of scientific internationalization.</p>
                <p>Thus, our results reveal a remarkable concentration of 40% of the 730 analyzed articles in just two diamond open access journals published by Springer and funded by SCOAP³: Journal of High Energy Physics and European Physical Journal C. The remaining 191 articles were scattered across 58 other titles. This exceptional concentration in two diamond journals underscores the relevance of the diamond open access model, which should arguably have its own designation in WoS. The other journals are categorized as “subscription-based,” a classification that should be reviewed to ensure publication possibilities under potential contracts, as this would make them hybrid titles. Even so, the overall relevance to scientific output in the field can be questioned, as only 10 other journals published more than 10 articles each.</p>
                <p>The institutional diversity of authors in each article is significant, as is the overall institutional diversity within the corpus analyzed: there were 7,387 authors affiliated with 65 institutions across 27 countries, indicating a high degree of institutional collaboration. The institution with the highest number of affiliations was the <italic>Universidade de São Paulo</italic> (USP, University of São Paulo), with 204 affiliations and 49 corresponding authors, followed by several foreign universities and Brazilian institutions such as the <italic>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</italic> (UFRJ, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), with 43 affiliations and 32 corresponding authors, and the <italic>Universidade Federal da Paraíba</italic> (UFPB, Federal University of Paraíba), with 12 affiliations and 3 corresponding authors. The small number of Brazilian institutions contributing to authorship in the field suggests limited institutional interest in contract subscriptions. The position of 412 Brazilian corresponding authors indicates that more than half of the evaluated publications were led by Brazil, particularly by universities.</p>
                <p>The articles analyzed reveal overlapping funding sources from multiple countries within the same document, with an average of seven funding agencies per article. The countries with the highest number of funding records were Brazil (1,401), China (494), and Spain (365). The institutions with the most funding records were the Brazilian agencies CNPq, Capes, and Fapesp, followed by the European Union, China’s National Natural Science Foundation, and the Italian Federal Ministry of Education Research, and the <italic>Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare</italic> (INFN, National Institute for Nuclear Physics), along with 220 other institutions from 23 countries. The diversity of funding sources across different nations confirms the field’s high level of international collaboration. The presence of multiple authors and funders per article can make it difficult to determine who is responsible for paying APCs on a large scale.</p>
                <p>The references cited by authors demonstrate a diversity that extends far beyond the focus publisher of this study. Most of the references were from the publisher American Physical Society, accounting for more than twice as many citations as those from Springer/Nature, followed by Elsevier. Beyond the limited number of references to Springer titles, the two most frequently published Springer journals are diamond open access titles funded by SCOAP³, meaning that both access and publication are already covered, even without Brazil’s participation in the consortium.</p>
                <p>The results reveal several issues that should be examined prior to contract signing. In addition to the specificities of each field of knowledge, identifying diamond open access titles, determining which institutions are most likely to publish under the contract, evaluating the potential for co-authorship across countries to share publication costs or credits, and analyzing the most frequently cited journals can all provide valuable insights for adapting agreements to the realities of each field and country. Read-and-publish or transformative agreements require sophisticated analyses to evaluate their relevance before being signed. Publicizing the contracts and enabling detailed evaluations of their use can help improve agreements and identify alternatives that better meet researchers’ needs.</p>
                <p>These multiple modes of access for reading and publishing pose challenges for librarians and research managers, as each discipline requires distinct approaches, ranging from maintaining subscriptions, signing read-and-publish agreements, to paying APCs, joining diamond open-access consortia, acquiring individual articles, subscribing to specific journals outside publisher packages, and supporting institutional or national journals.</p>
            </sec>
        </body>
        <back>
            <fn-group>
                <fn fn-type="other">
                    <label>How to cite this article:</label>
                    <p>Brito, C. C. <italic>et al</italic>. Read and publish agreements: a study of the physics field in Brazil and the Springer/Nature Publisher <italic>Transinformação</italic>, v. 37, e2515115, 2025. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10-en.1590/2318-0889202537e2515115en">https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0889202537e2515115en</ext-link></p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
                    <label>Support</label>
                    <p><italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic> (CNPq) Edital 4/2021.</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="other" id="fn05-en">
                    <label>5</label>
                    <p>Model of subscription-based scientific journals that emerged at the turn of the millennium, aimed primarily at library consortia, which were offered the opportunity to exponentially expand their access to scientific information, thus breaking the previous trend of continuous cuts in journal collections available in libraries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rodríguez-Bravo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="other" id="fn06-en">
                    <label>6</label>
                    <p>In the original: [...] <italic>la mutación constante de las editoriales comerciales para que su negocio siga siendo rentable: ahora pasando del negocio de las revistas a las revistas negócio</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar Martín-Martín, 2024</xref>, p. 5).</p>
                </fn>
                <fn fn-type="other" id="fn07-en">
                    <label>7</label>
                    <p>In the original: [...] <italic>la especialización constante conduce a la división y subdivisión de las ramas científicas en disciplinas, especialidades, subespecialidades, dominios temáticos en continuo cambio y aceleración</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Delgado-López-Cózar; Martin-Martin, 2024</xref>, p. 3).</p>
                </fn>
            </fn-group>
            <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
                <title>Data Availability</title>
                <p>The research data are available within the body of the document.</p>
            </sec>
        </back>
    </sub-article>
</article>
