<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">estpsi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas)</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Estud. psicol. (Campinas)</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0103-166X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1982-0275</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202441e210207en</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">03202</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Research Report - Development Psychology</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Factors associated with above-average cognitive performance in long-lived older adults</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0083-0330</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Célio Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
                    <role>conception and design</role>
                    <role>data analysis and interpretation</role>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6673-5507</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Lucy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0315-9549</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rezende</surname>
						<given-names>Eduarda Freitas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8627-3736</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chariglione</surname>
						<given-names>Isabelle Patriciá Freitas Soares</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2605-1335</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moraes</surname>
						<given-names>Clayton Franco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1412-830X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Vicente Paulo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3888-4214</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Henrique Salmazo da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
                    <role>conception and design</role>
                    <role>data analysis and interpretation</role>
                    <role>review and approval of the final version of the article</role>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unibrasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Coordenação de Graduação em Enfermagem. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Unibrasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Coordenação de Graduação em Enfermagem</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Aparecido dos Santos, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Aparecido dos Santos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Curso de Medicina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Católica de Brasília, Curso de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia e Psicologia. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Católica de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Psicologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia e Psicologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Curso de Graduação em Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Escolar e do Desenvolvimento. Distrito Federal, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Graduação em Psicologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Escolar e do Desenvolvimento</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Distrito Federal</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Católica de Brasília, Curso de Medicina e Área Básica de Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia. Brasília, DF, Brasil. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Católica de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Católica de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina e Área Básica de Saúde</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Católica de Brasília, Curso de Medicina e Núcleo de Formação Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Católica de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Católica de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina e Núcleo de Formação Básica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Correspondence to</label>: H. S. SILVA. E-mail: &lt;<email>henriquesalmazo@yahoo.com.br</email>&gt; </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn2">
					<label>Editor:</label>
					<p> André Luiz Monezi de Andrade </p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<label>Conflict of interest:</label>
					<p> The authors declare they have no conflict of interest</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>41</volume>
			<elocation-id>e210207</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2022</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p>To investigate the factors associated with performance equal to or higher than the 95th percentile in the Mini Mental State Examination of elderly people aged 80 years and over. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method</title>
					<p>This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative research conducted with a convenience sample composed of 101 cognitively healthy older adults residing in Brazil's Federal District, assessed by scales that measure mood, social support, functional performance, and health. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>Bivariate statistical analyses indicated that older individuals with better cognitive performance in the Mini Mental State Examination, when compared to participants with performance below the 95th percentile, showed better self-perceived health, greater satisfaction with the ability to perform daily tasks, and a more positive evaluation of general social support and in the domain of having someone to talk to when feeling lonely. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p>High global cognitive performance in old age is associated with perceived health, satisfaction with functional performance, and social support. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Aging</kwd>
				<kwd>Cognition</kwd>
				<kwd>Health of the elderly</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="44"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The increase in the elderly population, especially the number of individuals over the age of 80, is a growing reality in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Andrade et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Knappe, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rocha et al., 2017</xref>). Due to this phenomenon, the successful aging of this population has been the focus of scholars, researchers, and policymakers, with the aim of ensuring that advanced old age is a stage lived with well-being and quality of life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aita et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Neri et al., 2019</xref>). In the literature, theoretical models of successful aging among long-lived elderly individuals focus on biomedical and/or psychosocial aspects, encompassing components such as better functional performance, engagement with life, having satisfactory living conditions, and utilizing compensatory mechanisms to regulate losses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chen et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nosraty et al., 2019</xref>). </p>
		<p>Cognition constitutes one of the measures associated with successful aging in long-lived older adults and is related to cognitive and brain reserve, a healthy lifestyle, and good physical and mental health. The term &quot;above-average cognitive performance&quot; encompasses the development and preservation of multiple cognitive abilities, as well as the absence of cognitive impairment in older individuals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Yu et al., 2019</xref>). </p>
		<p>In this context, some studies document that certain groups of individuals above the age of 80 exhibit superior mnemonic and overall cognitive performance abilities when compared to cognitively healthy older individuals matched by age or level of education or to younger older adults (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bucci et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lin et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Yu et al., 2019</xref>). Some of these older individuals achieve high mnemonic performance that surpasses normative values and those expected for adults who are at least two to three decades younger (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gefen et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
		<p>Among the factors that moderate or explain the performance differences in this group, elevated social participation, strong social support, better physical health, and adoption of a healthy lifestyle are highlighted (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cho et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holstege et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Tindale et al., 2019</xref>). Social participation refers to the level of engagement in activities involving social interactions, whether in formal or informal groups, or within the context of Advanced Activities of Daily Living (AADL). The AADL constitute a set of social, productive, and leisure activities performed by older adults that are influenced by personal motivation and sociocultural factors. In gerontological literature, engaging in these activities is related to personal development, integration, social skills, as well as factors such as living arrangements, sex, depressive symptoms, and better global cognitive performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dias et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
		<p>Social support, in turn, encompasses elements of interpersonal relationships and has been used in the literature as a model to assess the level of social integration, isolation, or received assistance. The evaluation of social support encompasses assistance offered or received in emotional, material or financial, and instrumental dimensions. The protective nature of social support will vary depending on the context, relationships, and qualitative aspects in which they develop. In advanced old age, it has been highlighted as an important resource for managing day-to-day difficulties and coping with stressors. </p>
		<p>In a systematic review of 22 studies, of which 19 involved elderly populations, positive associations between greater availability of social support and better cognitive performance were found in 17 of them. Among the components of social support, the emotional and instrumental domains were the ones most strongly associated with cognitive functions, which varied according to other components such as gender and functional status (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Costa-Cordella et al., 2021</xref>). </p>
		<p>In studies involving long-lived elderly individuals, such as that conducted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cho et al. (2015</xref>), which analyzed data from 234 centenarians and 72 octogenarians from the United States, it was observed that higher levels of cognitive functioning were associated with more social resources (engagement and social interaction) and fewer impairments in physical health (subjective perception of health and number of sensory limitations and chronic diseases). Conversely, lower levels of impairment in physical health and more social resources were linked to a higher prevalence of positive affect. Therefore, it is evident that proximal variables such as social resources play a crucial role in the well-being of long-lived elderly individuals, and maintaining healthy cognition is important for this group because this factor is related to physical health, social engagement, and consequently, positive affect.</p>
		<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holstege et al. (2018</xref>), when investigating 300 cognitively healthy Dutch centenarians, observed that this population was characterized by independent elderly individuals with good sensory functioning, high levels of education, socioeconomic status, and a higher number of children. Mortality was associated with global cognitive functioning, such that centenarians scoring 26 or higher on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) at baseline exhibited a mortality rate of 17% per year over a two-year period. Conversely, those scoring below 26 points showed a mortality rate of 42% per year. The MMSE is frequently employed due to its status as a globally recognized instrument for cognitive screening used in epidemiological studies to estimate changes in overall cognitive performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Melo &amp; Altemir, 2015</xref>). </p>
		<p>After a two-year follow-up, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Beker et al. (2020</xref>) reevaluated 79 surviving centenarians from the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holstege et al. (2018</xref>) study. The authors noted greater survival rates among centenarians scoring 26 to 30 points on the MMSE at the initial assessment. The estimated maximum survival rate in this group reached 82% per year (95% CI, 77% to 87%). Within this group, 73% of the participants did not exhibit substantial cognitive changes, indicating the maintenance of overall cognitive performance. It is estimated that this group represents less than 10% of Dutch centenarians, and documenting the profile of this population could provide insight for the design of cognitive health programs and the prevention of cognitive decline in advanced old age.</p>
		<p>However, it is worth noting that sociodemographic factors can also play a role on the cognitive capacity of long-lived older adults. Variables such as age and education are predominant factors capable of influencing cognitive performance. It is considered that individuals with lower levels of education and advanced age tend to obtain lower scores in cognitive assessments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Scherrer Júnior et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
		<p>Although a significant portion of the literature on this topic emphasizes the importance of components related to health, lifestyle, and social participation in the cognition of long-lived older adults, Brazilian studies focusing on this population are scarce and can contribute to understanding the role of objective and subjective components, as well as those associated with lifestyle and health. In this context, the present study investigated whether the high cognitive performance of long-lived older adults is associated with sociodemographic variables, mood, social support, functional performance, engagement in social and leisure activities, and perceived health.</p>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Method</title>
			<p>This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative study. It was conducted in Brasília, which has 31 administrative regions, including the Administrative Region of Águas Claras, where the campus of the <italic>Universidade Católica de Brasília</italic> (Catholic University of Brasília) is located. Within the University, the research was carried out in two locations: at the university hospital for clinical, cognitive, and self-reported health assessment, and at the Physical Assessment and Training Laboratory for functional and physical evaluation.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Participants</title>
				<p>The study sample was obtained by convenience and recruited at the Geriatrics and Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic of the <italic>Hospital Universitário da Universidade Católica de Brasília</italic> (University Hospital) between the years 2016 and 2018. </p>
				<p>The inclusion criteria were being aged 80 years or older, residing in the Federal District or its surroundings, consenting to participate in the study, and being available to undergo social, physical, and laboratory evaluations.</p>
				<p>The exclusion criteria for this study were being bedridden, having severe hearing loss, having uncontrolled psychiatric morbidities, advanced stage of dementia syndrome, presence of cognitive decline in MMSE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brucki et al., 2003</xref>): scores lower than 17 points for illiterate individuals, 22 points for individuals with 1 to 4 years of schooling, 24 points for those with 5 to 8 years of schooling, and 26 points for individuals with 9 years or more of schooling (criteria from the FIBRA Study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Neri &amp; Vieira, 2013</xref>). Out of the 208 evaluated older adults, 107 were excluded for having performance below the cutoff scores on the MMSE and/or meeting other exclusion criteria. Thus, the final sample consisted of 101 long-lived older adults.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Instruments</title>
				<p>The following instruments were used: </p>
				<p><italic>Sociodemographic questionnaire</italic>: with information on age - quantified in years; sex - male or female; marital status - single, widowed, married, or divorced; family income - quantified by the sum of the family's earnings per month. </p>
				<p><italic>Mini Mental State Examination</italic> (MMSE): a cognitive screening instrument composed of 30 questions that assess orientation in time and space, episodic memory, immediate repetition, praxis, visuospatial functions, and language (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brucki et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Folstein et al., 1975</xref>). To classify the elderly with above-average scores on the MMSE, a score equal to or greater than the 95th percentile was chosen for each level of education (illiterate and 1 to 4 years of education, 28 points or more; 5 to 7 years of education, 29 points or more; 8 years or more of education, 30 points).</p>
				<p><italic>Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living</italic> (ADL): measured using the self-care scale proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Katz et al. (1963</xref>). The absence or presence of difficulties in ADLs was investigated, such as: toileting, feeding, moving, transferring, bathing, and personal hygiene. Participants with limitations in any activity were classified as &quot;with limitations in ADLs&quot;, and those without limitations were classified as &quot;independent in ADL&quot;. </p>
				<p><italic>Instrumental Activities of Daily Living</italic> (IADL) Inventory: measured using the scale proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lawton and Brody (1969</xref>). The instrument assesses the presence or absence of difficulties in tasks that involve maintaining an independent life, such as: cooking, transportation, administrating finances, housekeeping, taking medications, using the telephone, and shopping. Participants with limitations in any activity were classified as &quot;with limitations in IADL&quot;, and those without limitations were classified as &quot;independent in IADL&quot;. </p>
				<p><italic>Advanced Activities of Daily Living</italic> (AADL) Inventory: proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Reuben et al. (1990</xref>), includes the frequency of performing the following activities: caring for or assisting others, performing household tasks, managing one's own business and finances, staying in touch with others through letters, phone calls, and/or emails, visiting friends and family at their homes or inviting others to one's own home for meals or recreational activities, and participating in social gatherings or senior groups. Based on the responses provided, participants were classified as &quot;performs&quot; or &quot;does not perform&quot;.</p>
				<p><italic>Questionnaire on self-reported chronic diseases</italic>: including heart diseases, hypertension, stroke, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, lung diseases, depression, and osteoporosis. Participants were divided into three categories: no diseases; one or two diseases, and three or more diseases.</p>
				<p><italic>Self-perceived health questionnaire</italic>, using three of the five items proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Neri et al. (2019</xref>) regarding the elderly person's assessment of: (1) their overall health; (2) their health compared to the previous year; (3) their level of activity compared to the previous year. For each item, the elderly participants responded using a Likert scale. In the first question, five response options were provided, namely: &quot;1 = Very poor&quot;; &quot;2 = Poor&quot;; &quot;3 = Regular&quot;; &quot;4 = Good&quot;; and &quot;5 = Very good&quot;. Participants were categorized into two groups: &quot;Very poor, poor, and regular&quot; and &quot;Good and very good&quot;. For the remaining questions, three response possibilities were presented: &quot;1 = Worse&quot;, &quot;2 = Same&quot;, and &quot;3 = Better&quot;.</p>
				<p><italic>Geriatric Depression Scale</italic> (GDS): 15-item version, with scores ranging from 0 to 15 points. It was adapted for the Brazilian population by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Almeida and Almeida (1999</xref>), basing it on the original scale created by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Yesavage et al. (1982</xref>), consisting of 30 items. The objective of the GDS is to detect the presence of symptoms suggestive of depression in the elderly, with a cutoff point above 6 points. In the present study, participants were classified with scores &gt; 6 points and &lt; 6 points.</p>
				<p><italic>Interpersonal Support Evaluation List</italic> (ISEL): designed to assess perceived social support through five scalar questions that measure the availability of socioemotional, instrumental, informative, and affective support (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cohen et al., 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Neri &amp; Vieira, 2013</xref>). Response options were encoded on a 1-4 Likert scale, respectively indicating &quot;definitely false&quot;, &quot;probably false&quot;, &quot;probably true&quot;, and &quot;definitely true&quot;. For this study, the score of each item was analyzed.</p>
				<p><italic>Satisfaction With Life Scale</italic>: proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Neri (2002</xref>), with questions on overall satisfaction with life, satisfaction compared to others of the same age, and six items pertaing to satisfaction related to the domains of memory, functional capacity and problem-solving, friendships and family relationships, environment, access to health services, and means of transportation. Each question had response options of &quot;A Little&quot; (value of 1), &quot;Somewhat&quot; (value of 2), or &quot;Very Much&quot; (value of 3). In this study, each item was investigated separately, and responses were categorized as &quot;A Little and Somewhat&quot; and &quot;Very Much&quot;.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Procedures</title>
				<p>Data collection occurred in three stages. In the first stage, the elderly person along with their companion were informed about the research objectives during their medical appointment at the outpatient clinic. Both the elderly person and the companion were informed about the voluntary nature of participation, their ability to withdraw from the study at any time and without any cost, the safety and complete confidentiality of the provided data, and the need to sign the Informed Consent Form (ICF). In the second stage, the elderly person who agreed to participate in the research, after signing the ICF, was directed to a room where, alongside the interviewer (a healthcare professional trained for instrument application), underwent the first stage of data collection, involving cognitive screening and the administration of the sociodemographic questionnaire. In the third and final stage, the elderly person was referred to a medical consultation with the geriatrician for clinical and health assessment, and then underwent functional, mood, social support, and life satisfaction assessments with the study researchers. All responses were electronically recorded in a Google form and later submitted to the study's database spreadsheet.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data Analysis</title>
				<p>The data were quantitatively analyzed using the IBM<sup>®</sup>SPSS<sup>®</sup> software, version 20.0. Mean comparisons between groups were performed using non-parametric tests such as the Mann-Whitney test for discrete and continuous quantitative variables, and Chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical quantitative variables. Non-parametric tests were chosen due to the lack of normal distribution in discrete and continuous variables. Additionally, the effect size value was calculated for statistically significant associations in group comparison tests. The Rank Biserial Correlation (<italic>r</italic><sub><italic>rb</italic></sub>) was used as a measure of effect size. The significance level for analyses was set at <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05.</p>
				<p>The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Universidade Católica de Brasília</italic>, under opinion number 1.290.368, and Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Appreciation, CAAE: 50075215.2.0000.0029, complying with the requirements of Resolution nº 466/2012 of the Brazilian National Health Council, which establishes the norms and regulatory guidelines for research involving human subjects.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>The investigated sample had a mean age of 84.2 years (<italic>SD</italic> = + 4.61 years), a mean of 4.3 years of education (<italic>SD</italic> = + 4.77), and most participants were widowed (47.7%) or single (34.7%). Most participants reported a mean monthly family income equal to or higher than three minimum wages (49.1%) or between two to three monthly minimum wages (39.6%). Among the 101 long-lived elderly participants, 90 (<italic>M</italic> = 83.2 years of age; <italic>SD</italic> = + 3.93) scored below the 95th percentile on the MMSE, while 11 (<italic>M</italic> = 81.4 years of age; <italic>SD</italic> = + 3.96) scored equal to or above. </p>
			<p>As presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, participants scoring equal to or above the 95th percentile achieved 28 points in the &quot;illiterate&quot; education level category (<italic>n</italic> = 2) and &quot;1 to 4 years of education&quot; category (<italic>n</italic> = 3); 29 points or more in the &quot;5 to 7 years of education&quot; category (<italic>n</italic> = 3); and 30 points in the &quot;8 years or more of education&quot; category (<italic>n</italic> = 3). Stratification of the groups according to education level was chosen to reduce the bias of education on overall cognitive performance.</p>
			<p>Analyses indicated that participants with cognitive performance equal to or above the 95th percentile provided similar responses to those of other long-lived participants regarding sociodemographic conditions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), functional performance, mood, and chronic diseases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), as well as the profile of participation in AADL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title><italic>Characterization of the cognitive performance profile of the long-lived elderly according to educational level</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Level of Education</th>
								<th align="center"><italic>N</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>M</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>Mdn</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>SD</italic></th>
								<th align="center">25th Percentile</th>
								<th align="center">50th Percentile</th>
								<th align="center">75th Percentile</th>
								<th align="center">95th Percentile</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Illiterate</td>
								<td align="center">26</td>
								<td align="center">21.27</td>
								<td align="center">21.00</td>
								<td align="center">3.29</td>
								<td align="center">19.0</td>
								<td align="center">21.0</td>
								<td align="center">23.25</td>
								<td align="center">28</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">1 to 4</td>
								<td align="center">18</td>
								<td align="center">24.89</td>
								<td align="center">24.50</td>
								<td align="center">1.93</td>
								<td align="center">23.0</td>
								<td align="center">24.0</td>
								<td align="center">26.00</td>
								<td align="center">28</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5 to 7</td>
								<td align="center">34</td>
								<td align="center">25.59</td>
								<td align="center">25.00</td>
								<td align="center">2.01</td>
								<td align="center">24.0</td>
								<td align="center">25.0</td>
								<td align="center">27.00</td>
								<td align="center">29</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">8 or more</td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
								<td align="center">26.96</td>
								<td align="center">27.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.89</td>
								<td align="center">26.0</td>
								<td align="center">27.0</td>
								<td align="center">29.00</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Note: Mdn: Median; N: Number.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Regarding functional performance and chronic diseases, the prevalence of depressive symptoms above the GDS cutoff point was 21.3% in the group below the 95th percentile on the MMSE and 14.3% in the group with performance equal to or above the 95th percentile. In the group with better performance, there was a lower prevalence of limitations in ADL and IADL, a lower prevalence of worsening of the level of activity compared to the previous year, and a lower prevalence of worsening health compared to the previous year. However, none of these differences were statistically significant. Associations were observed between better cognitive performance and positive self-rated health, indicating that the group with better cognitive performance in advanced old age had a more positive self-rated health (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title><italic>Sociodemographic characterization of the long-lived elderly according to cognitive performance below or above the 95th percentile in the Mini Mental State Examination</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Sociodemographic variables </th>
								<th align="center">Performance below the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 90</th>
								<th align="center">Performance equal to or above the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 11</th>
								<th align="center"><italic>p</italic>-value</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">% </th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Age range</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.485</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">80 to 84 years</td>
								<td align="center">66.7</td>
								<td align="center">81.8</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">85 or more</td>
								<td align="center">33.3</td>
								<td align="center">18.2</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Sex</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 1.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Male</td>
								<td align="center">40.0</td>
								<td align="center">36.4</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Female</td>
								<td align="center">60.0</td>
								<td align="center">63.6</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Marital status</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.725</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Single</td>
								<td align="center">40.0</td>
								<td align="center">54.5</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Married</td>
								<td align="center">10.0</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Divorced</td>
								<td align="center"> 7.8</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Widowed</td>
								<td align="center">42.2</td>
								<td align="center">45.5</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Income range</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.067</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">1 MW</td>
								<td align="center">11.1</td>
								<td align="center">36.4</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">2 MW</td>
								<td align="center">41.1</td>
								<td align="center">18.2</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">3 MW or more</td>
								<td align="center">47.8</td>
								<td align="center">45.5</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Note: PROCAD Study of Long-Lived Elderly in the Federal District in 2018. Fisher's Exact test, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05; MW: Minimum Wage Salary. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title><italic>Health Conditions of Long-Lived Elderly According to Cognitive Performance Below or Above the 95th Percentile in the Mini Mental State Examination</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Health condition variables </th>
								<th align="center">Performance below the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 90</th>
								<th align="center">Performance equal to or above the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 11</th>
								<th align="center"><italic>p</italic>-value</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">% </th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Activities of Daily Living</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.206</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Independent</td>
								<td align="center">79.8</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Difficulty in 1 or more</td>
								<td align="center">20.2</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Instrumental Activities of Daily Living</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.196</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Independent</td>
								<td align="center">40.0</td>
								<td align="center">63.9</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Difficulty in 1 or more</td>
								<td align="center">60.0</td>
								<td align="center">36.4</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Non-communicable chronic diseases </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Heart diseases (% Yes)</td>
								<td align="center">13.4</td>
								<td align="center">14.3</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.989</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hypertension</td>
								<td align="center">87.8</td>
								<td align="center">87.8</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.975</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Stroke/ischemia</td>
								<td align="center">7.9</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.963</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Diabetes</td>
								<td align="center">29.6</td>
								<td align="center">37.5</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.693</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Cancer</td>
								<td align="center">18.8</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.593</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Arthritis/rheumatism</td>
								<td align="center">32.2</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.098</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Lung diseases</td>
								<td align="center">12.5</td>
								<td align="center">14.3</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.989</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Depression</td>
								<td align="center">17.5</td>
								<td align="center">25.0</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.633</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Osteoporosis</td>
								<td align="center">38.1</td>
								<td align="center">42.9</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.925</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Number of diseases</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.990</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">None</td>
								<td align="center">0.0</td>
								<td align="center"> 3.7</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">One or two</td>
								<td align="center">62.5</td>
								<td align="center"> 54.9</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Three or more</td>
								<td align="center">37.5</td>
								<td align="center">41.5</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Self-rated health</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.009</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Very poor, poor, or regular</td>
								<td align="center">61.1</td>
								<td align="center">18.2</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Good and very good</td>
								<td align="center">38.9</td>
								<td align="center">81.8</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Health compared to the previous year</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.923</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Worse</td>
								<td align="center">37.8</td>
								<td align="center">36.4</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Same</td>
								<td align="center">37.8</td>
								<td align="center">45.5</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Better</td>
								<td align="center">24.4</td>
								<td align="center">18.2</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Activity compared to the previous year</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.081</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Worse</td>
								<td align="center">47.8</td>
								<td align="center">18.2</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Same</td>
								<td align="center">43.3</td>
								<td align="center">81.8</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Better</td>
								<td align="center">8.9</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Geriatric depression scale</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.989</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">≥ 6 points</td>
								<td align="center">21.3</td>
								<td align="center">14.3</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">&lt; 6 points</td>
								<td align="center">78.7</td>
								<td align="center">85.7</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Note: PROCAD Study of Long-Lived Elderly in the Federal District in 2018. Fisher's Exact test, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Regarding the AADL, the group with better cognitive performance showed higher engagement in most activities. However, the differences between groups were not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Regarding perceived social support (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>), the group with performance equal to or above the 95th percentile in the MMSE had higher means compared to the group with performance below the 95th percentile. However, statistically significant associations were only observed between cognitive performance, total ISEL score (<italic>p</italic> = 0.031; Rank Biserial Correlation (rrb) - rrb = 0.416), and the domain &quot;Having someone to talk to when feeling lonely&quot; (<italic>p</italic> = 0.037; rrb = 0.468), indicating that the group with better overall cognitive performance had a more positive assessment of the availability of their social network. In both associations, the effect size (rrb) ranged from 0.41 to 0.46, which is considered modest.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title><italic>Prevalence of engagement in Advanced Activities of Daily Living among long-lived elderly individuals according to cognitive performance below or above the 95th percentile in the Mini Mental State Examination</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
								<th align="center">Performance below the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 90</th>
								<th align="center">Performance equal to or above the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 11</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2"><bold><italic>p</italic>-value</bold></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">% </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Visiting other people's homes</td>
								<td align="center">70.8</td>
								<td align="center">90.9</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.183</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Receiving guests</td>
								<td align="center">89.9</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.592</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Going to church or religious temple</td>
								<td align="center">70.8</td>
								<td align="center">90.9</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.280</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Participating in social gatherings</td>
								<td align="center">57.3</td>
								<td align="center">81.8</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.192</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Driving a car</td>
								<td align="center">19.1</td>
								<td align="center">18.2</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 1.000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Taking day trips away</td>
								<td align="center">62.9</td>
								<td align="center">81.9</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.320</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Taking long trips</td>
								<td align="center">59.6</td>
								<td align="center">72.7</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.521</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Volunteer work</td>
								<td align="center">21.3</td>
								<td align="center">18.2</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.989</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Paid work</td>
								<td align="center">11.2</td>
								<td align="center"> 9.1</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.997</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Participating in boards and councils</td>
								<td align="center"> 3.4</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.985</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Universities Open to Older Adults and continuing education</td>
								<td align="center"> 3.4</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.998</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Community centers and groups for the elderly</td>
								<td align="center"> 3.4</td>
								<td align="center"> 0.0</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.978</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Note: PROCAD Study of Long-Lived Elderly in the Federal District in 2018. Fisher's Exact test, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Table 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title><italic>Perceived social support and satisfaction with life among long-lived elderly individuals according to cognitive performance below or above the 95th percentile on the Mini Mental State Examination</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col span="2"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Social support variables </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Performance below the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 90 </th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2">Performance equal to or above the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 11 </th>
								<th align="center"><bold><italic>p</italic>-value</bold></th>
							</tr>
                            <tr>
								<th align="center"><italic>M</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>SD</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>M</italic></th>
								<th align="center"><italic>SD</italic></th>
								<th align="center"> </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="6">Perceived social support </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Having someone to talk to when feeling lonely</td>
								<td align="center">3.25</td>
								<td align="left">+ 0.99</td>
								<td align="center">4.00 </td>
								<td align="center">+ 0.00</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.037</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Meets with and talks to friends and family</td>
								<td align="center">3.65</td>
								<td align="left">+ 0.91</td>
								<td align="center">4.00 </td>
								<td align="center">+ 0.00</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.145</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Finds people that can help with daily activities when sick</td>
								<td align="center">3.42</td>
								<td align="left">+ 0.91</td>
								<td align="center">4.00 </td>
								<td align="center">+ 0.00</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.071</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Has someone to rely on when in need of suggestions on how to handle a problem</td>
								<td align="center">3.41</td>
								<td align="left">+ 1.10</td>
								<td align="center">4.00 </td>
								<td align="center">+ 0.00</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.138</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Has someone who’s opinion they completely trust</td>
								<td align="center">3.45</td>
								<td align="left">+ 1.02</td>
								<td align="center">3.86 </td>
								<td align="center">+ 0.38</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.424</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Total Perceived social support</td>
								<td align="center">13.43</td>
								<td align="left">+ 3.41</td>
								<td align="center">15.86 </td>
								<td align="center">+ 0.38</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.030</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Satisfaction with life Variables </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Performance below the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 90</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">Performance equal to or above the 95th percentile on the MMSE = 11 </td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2"><italic>p</italic>-value</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">% </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="6">Satisfaction with life </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Satisfaction with life today </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">59.2 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">85.2 </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.240</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Satisfaction with life compared to other people of the same age</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">73.3 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">100 </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.187</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Satisfaction with memory</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">53.9 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">71.4 </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.453</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Satisfaction with abilities to carry out daily activities</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">60.5 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">100 </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.045</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Satisfaction with friendships and family relationships</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">78.7 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">100 </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.336</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Satisfaction with the environment you live in</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">51.3 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">71.4 </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.439</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Satisfaction with access to healthcare services</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">60.5 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">28.6 </td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.126</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Satisfaction with transportation at your disposal</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">68.0 </td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2">28.6</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0.091</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>Note: PROCAD Study of Long-Lived Elderly in the Federal District in 2018. Fisher's Exact test, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05. </p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Regarding satisfaction with life, according to the descriptive analysis, it was observed that long-lived older adults with better cognitive performance had a higher prevalence of &quot;very satisfied&quot; responses for most domains of the scale, except for satisfaction regarding health services and available transportation. By employing inferential statistical analysis, it was noted that only satisfaction with the ability to perform daily tasks differed between the groups (<italic>p</italic> = 0.045; rrb = 0.395), indicating that the group with better performance had a higher prevalence of participants who reported being &quot;very satisfied&quot; in this domain (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>). The effect size for this association was also modest, approaching 0.4.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Crossing the 80-year marker with high cognitive performance can be one of the goals for achieving successful old age (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ribeiro et al., 2022</xref>). In Brazil, the 80+ group (80 years and older) is the fastest-growing population, and data about this group are still scarce and demands the development of more research (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Neri et al., 2019</xref>). The results of the present study indicated that participants with performance equal to or above the 95th percentile in the MMSE showed better self-rated health, higher satisfaction with the ability to solve daily tasks, and greater overall social support, particularly in the domain of &quot;Having someone to talk to when feeling lonely&quot;. </p>
			<p>Regarding self-rated health, studies in Gerontology emphasize this variable as an important predictor of objective health conditions, measured through indicators of physical and cognitive health, as well as functional performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Belém et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Figueiredo et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Torquato et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>In the context of advanced old age, self-perception is part of the discussions about the paradox of well-being, where, despite functional decline in activities of daily living, long-lived older adults would increase their subjective well-being and satisfaction with their own functioning pattern as a strategy to compensate for and cope with losses suffered throughout their life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hansen &amp; Blekesaune, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Santana &amp; Lima, 2015</xref>). </p>
			<p>It is believed that positive findings regarding self-rated health can be supported by the capacity for cognitive-emotional self-regulation, which consequently facilitates adherence to health treatments and lifestyle changes, including physical exercise and healthy eating (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Santana &amp; Lima, 2015</xref>). Moreover, self-rated health can be influenced by processes of social comparison based on the performance standard of older adults in the same age group (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Belém et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Together, these processes may partially explain why older adults with better cognitive performance better evaluate their health status and individual functioning patterns in daily tasks, even in the absence of statistically significant differences in the number of chronic diseases and in the performance of activities of daily living (ADL, IADL, and AADL) between the two groups of older people. However, as discussed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hansen and Blekesaune (2022</xref>), the limits of the well-being paradox in advanced old age are marked by increased social threats, health-related challenges, and restrictions imposed on physical functioning, factors that should be further investigated in long-lived older individuals. </p>
			<p>Previous studies have observed associations between better performance in IADLs in older adults with above-average cognitive function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Silva et al., 2014</xref>), while others found associations between AADLs and a lower prevalence of cognitive decline in a cohort of older adults from the SABE study in São Paulo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dias et al., 2015</xref>). As these are long-lived older adults without cognitive decline, it is possible that the presence of functional limitations may be influenced by components of motor performance or factors related to instrumental support for carrying out these activities. In this study, the prevalence of difficulty in one or more IADLs was 36.4% in the group with performance equal to or above the 95th percentile in the MMSE and 60.0% in the group with performance below the 95th percentile, indicating that this population has more limitations in maintaining an independent life compared to younger elderly individuals or the 50+ population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Oliveira et al., 2020</xref>). However, more in-depth analyses are necessary, as the pattern of engagement in social activities in advanced old age seems to be associated with motivational variables and those more oriented towards face-to-face interactions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Batistoni et al., 2015</xref>). </p>
			<p>Regarding chronic diseases, there was a high prevalence of diseases in the participants, and subsequent analyses may need to adjust based on medications and time of diagnosis. According to the findings of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ioakeim-Skoufa et al. (2022</xref>), there is a possible selectivity effect concerning chronic diseases in the very old elderly group, especially in comparisons between centenarians and elderly people aged 80 to 99, indicating that the oldest group seemed to have fewer diseases. Furthermore, the authors observed profiles of morbidity, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, obstructive pulmonary conditions, and neoplasms. It was observed that one-third of octogenarian women had a metabolic pattern (diabetes, dyslipidemia, and other endocrine-metabolic disorders), with a higher number of diseases (up to seven concurrent diseases) and a prevalence of polypharmacy (half of the group). Therefore, the authors draw attention to the need to investigate, beyond the selectivity effect present in advanced old age, different disease profiles, drug intake, and health. In this study, it was not possible to examine these components.</p>
			<p>Another issue concerns the activity profile, frequency of exposure, and which domains impact global cognition and different cognitive domains. There might be a connection between the type of activity and its relationship with one or more cognitive domains (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Wang et al., 2013</xref>). In this study, although older adults with better performance had a higher prevalence of engagement in AADL, no statistical differences were observed between groups, which could be related to the reduced statistical power of the analyses. However, participants expressed greater satisfaction regarding engagement profile in activities. </p>
			<p>The associations between social support and better cognitive performance have been extensively documented in the literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Coelho &amp; Michel, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kuiper et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Wang et al., 2013</xref>). Social support would act as a moderator of well-being and cognitive vitality, involving components such as social interactions and emotional support and the complexities surrounding the relationships between giving and receiving social support. The data from this study, while showing modest effect sizes, are consistent with the studies of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Litwin and Stoeckel (2016</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kelly et al. (2017</xref>), and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holstege et al. (2018</xref>). In <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cho et al.'s study (2015</xref>), social support and social interaction were considered proximal variables to cognitive functioning and physical health. Although it was not possible to conduct multiple models and path analysis due to statistical reasons and lack of conceptual models based on the Brazilian long-lived population, it is suggested that the associations between perceived social support and better global cognitive performance are controlled by depressive symptoms, health, and functionality. </p>
			<p>In summary, the group of elderly individuals investigated in this research consists of cognitively healthy older adults, whose profile, living conditions, and health deserve further investigation. However, the presented analyses need to be approached with caution. This study is cross-sectional and based on a small sample size of participants. Therefore, the findings do not allow for establishing cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Additionally, there was a modest effect size of the associations found, along with a potential bias of underestimating differences between groups, associated with the use of non-parametric tests and reduced statistical power. For these reasons, the presented data are exploratory, restricted to a sample evaluated in an outpatient context, and cannot be generalized to the context of the Brazilian long-lived population. </p>
			<p>Furthermore, the MMSE was used as a parameter for classifying cognitive performance. Although it is a globally recognized instrument, it might not have accurately captured the cognitive domains that would more precisely classify elderly individuals with better cognitive performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Melo &amp; Altemir, 2015</xref>). Nevertheless, despite these limitations, the presented results indicate some variables that warrant further study among octogenarians and nonagenarians with better cognitive performance when examining components such as mood, social support, functional performance, and health.</p>
			<p>This becomes particularly important when designing policies for the promotion and prevention of cognitive health, as well as for the planning of actions that can enhance satisfactory living conditions in advanced old age. In this context, the development of more studies with Brazilian long-lived individuals is necessary to verify whether the same variables observed are associated with better cognitive performance in this age group.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>In the present study, high global cognitive performance in advanced old age was associated with perceived health, satisfaction with functional performance, and subjective assessment of social support. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Aita, A. A., Satler, C., da Silva, H. S., &amp; Chariglione, I. P. F. S. (2021). Neuropsychological and Physical Trajectories in Neurotypical and High-cognitive Performing Older Adults. <italic>Journal of Geriatric Medicine</italic>, 3(2), 4-14. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.30564/jgm.v3i2.3602">https://doi.org/10.30564/jgm.v3i2.3602</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Aita</surname>
							<given-names>A. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Satler</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>da Silva</surname>
							<given-names>H. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chariglione</surname>
							<given-names>I. P. F. S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Neuropsychological and Physical Trajectories in Neurotypical and High-cognitive Performing Older Adults</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Geriatric Medicine</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>4</fpage>
					<lpage>14</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.30564/jgm.v3i2.3602">https://doi.org/10.30564/jgm.v3i2.3602</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Almeida, O. P., &amp; Almeida, S. A. (1999). Confiabilidade da versão brasileira da Escala de Depressão em Geriatria (GDS) versão reduzida. <italic>Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria</italic>, <italic>57</italic>, 421-426. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1999000300013">https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1999000300013</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>O. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>S. A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1999</year>
					<article-title>Confiabilidade da versão brasileira da Escala de Depressão em Geriatria (GDS) versão reduzida</article-title>
					<source>Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria</source>
					<volume>57</volume>
					<fpage>421</fpage>
					<lpage>426</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1999000300013">https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X1999000300013</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Andrade, L. A., Reis, L. A., Novais, M. M., Queiroz, D. B., Oliveira, L. C., &amp; Araújo, C. M. (2018). Relação da autopercepção de saúde, capacidade funcional e condições de saúde de idosos longevos residentes em domicílio em Jequié-BA. <italic>Estudos Interdisciplinares sobre o Envelhecimento</italic>, <italic>23</italic>(1), 75-86. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Andrade</surname>
							<given-names>L. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reis</surname>
							<given-names>L. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Novais</surname>
							<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Queiroz</surname>
							<given-names>D. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>L. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Araújo</surname>
							<given-names>C. M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Relação da autopercepção de saúde, capacidade funcional e condições de saúde de idosos longevos residentes em domicílio em Jequié-BA</article-title>
					<source>Estudos Interdisciplinares sobre o Envelhecimento</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>75</fpage>
					<lpage>86</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Batistoni, S. S. T., Prestes, S. M., Cachioni, M., Falcão, D. V. S., Lopes, A., Yassuda, M. S., &amp; Neri, A. L. (2015). Categorização e uidentificação etária em uma amostra de idosos brasileiros residentes na comunidade. <italic>Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica</italic>, <italic>28</italic>(3), 511-521. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201528310">https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201528310</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Batistoni</surname>
							<given-names>S. S. T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Prestes</surname>
							<given-names>S. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cachioni</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Falcão</surname>
							<given-names>D. V. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lopes</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yassuda</surname>
							<given-names>M. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neri</surname>
							<given-names>A. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Categorização e uidentificação etária em uma amostra de idosos brasileiros residentes na comunidade</article-title>
					<source>Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica</source>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>511</fpage>
					<lpage>521</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201528310">https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201528310</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Beker, N., Sikkes, S. A. M., Hulsman, M., Tesi, N., van der Lee, S. J., Scheltens, P., &amp; Holstege, H. (2020). Longitudinal Maintenance of Cognitive Health in Centenarians in the 100-plus Study. <italic>JAMA Network Open</italic>, 3(2), e200094. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0094">https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0094</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Beker</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sikkes</surname>
							<given-names>S. A. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hulsman</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tesi</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van der Lee</surname>
							<given-names>S. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scheltens</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holstege</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Longitudinal Maintenance of Cognitive Health in Centenarians in the 100-plus Study</article-title>
					<source>JAMA Network Open</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<elocation-id>e200094</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0094">https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0094</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Belém, P. L. O., Melo, R. L. P., Pedraza, D. F., &amp; Menezes, T. N. (2016). Autoavaliação do estado de saúde e fatores associados em idosos cadastrados na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Campina Grande, Paraíba. <italic>Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia</italic>, <italic>19</italic>(2), 265-276. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019.140206">https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019.140206</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Belém</surname>
							<given-names>P. L. O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Melo</surname>
							<given-names>R. L. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pedraza</surname>
							<given-names>D. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Menezes</surname>
							<given-names>T. N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Autoavaliação do estado de saúde e fatores associados em idosos cadastrados na Estratégia Saúde da Família de Campina Grande, Paraíba</article-title>
					<source>Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>265</fpage>
					<lpage>276</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019.140206">https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019.140206</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Brucki, S. M. D., Nitrini, R., Caramelli, P., Bertolucci, P. H. F., &amp; Okamoto, I. H. (2003). Sugestões para o uso do mini-exame do estado mental no Brasil. <italic>Arquivos de Neuro- Psiquiatria</italic>, <italic>61</italic>(3B), 777-781. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000500014">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000500014 </ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brucki</surname>
							<given-names>S. M. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nitrini</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Caramelli</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bertolucci</surname>
							<given-names>P. H. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Okamoto</surname>
							<given-names>I. H</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Sugestões para o uso do mini-exame do estado mental no Brasil</article-title>
					<source>Arquivos de Neuro- Psiquiatria</source>
					<volume>61</volume>
					<issue>3B</issue>
					<fpage>777</fpage>
					<lpage>781</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000500014">https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2003000500014 </ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Bucci, L., Ostan, R., Cevenini, E., Pini, E., Scurti, M., Vitale, G., Mari, D., Caruso, C., Sansoni, P., Fanelli, F., Pasquali, R., Gueresi, P., Franceschi, C., &amp; Monti, D. (2016). Centenarians' offspring as a model of healthy aging: a reappraisal of the data on Italian subjects and a comprehensive overview. <italic>Aging</italic>, 8(3), 510-519. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100912">https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100912</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bucci</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ostan</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cevenini</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pini</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scurti</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vitale</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mari</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Caruso</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sansoni</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fanelli</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pasquali</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gueresi</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Franceschi</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Monti</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Centenarians' offspring as a model of healthy aging: a reappraisal of the data on Italian subjects and a comprehensive overview</article-title>
					<source>Aging</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>510</fpage>
					<lpage>519</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100912">https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100912</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Chen, L., Ye, M., &amp; Kahana, E. (2020) A Self-Reliant Umbrella: Defining Successful Aging Among the Old-Old (80+) in Shanghai. <italic>Journal of Applied Gerontology</italic>, <italic>39</italic>(3), 242-249. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464819842500">https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464819842500</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ye</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kahana</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>A Self-Reliant Umbrella: Defining Successful Aging Among the Old-Old (80+) in Shanghai</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Applied Gerontology</source>
					<volume>39</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>242</fpage>
					<lpage>249</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464819842500">https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464819842500</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Cho, J., Martin, P., &amp; Poon, L. W. (2015). Successful aging and subjective well-being among oldest-old adults. <italic>The Gerontologist</italic>, <italic>55</italic>(1), 132-143. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu074">https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu074 </ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cho</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martin</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Poon</surname>
							<given-names>L. W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Successful aging and subjective well-being among oldest-old adults</article-title>
					<source>The Gerontologist</source>
					<volume>55</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>132</fpage>
					<lpage>143</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu074">https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu074 </ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Coelho, F. F., &amp; Michel, R. B. (2018). Associação entre cognição, suporte social e qualidade de vida de idosos atendidos em uma unidade de saúde de Curitiba/PR. <italic>Ciências e Cognição</italic>, <italic>23</italic>(1), 54-62.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Coelho</surname>
							<given-names>F. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Michel</surname>
							<given-names>R. B</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Associação entre cognição, suporte social e qualidade de vida de idosos atendidos em uma unidade de saúde de Curitiba/PR</article-title>
					<source>Ciências e Cognição</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>54</fpage>
					<lpage>62</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., &amp; Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the Functional Components of Social Support. <italic>In:</italic> I. G. Sarason &amp; B. R. Sarason (Eds.), <italic>Social support: theory, research and applications</italic> (pp. 73-94). The Hague, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cohen</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mermelstein</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kamarck</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoberman</surname>
							<given-names>H. M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1985</year>
					<chapter-title>Measuring the Functional Components of Social Support</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Sarason</surname>
							<given-names>I. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sarason</surname>
							<given-names>B. R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Social support: theory, research and applications</source>
					<fpage>73</fpage>
					<lpage>94</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>The Hague</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-loc>The Netherlands</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Martinus Nijhoff</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Costa-Cordella, S., Arevalo-Romero, C., Parada, F.J., Rossi, A. (2021). Social Support and Cognition: A Systematic Review. <italic>Frontiers in Psychology</italic>, 12, 637060. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637060">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637060</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Costa-Cordella</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arevalo-Romero</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Parada</surname>
							<given-names>F.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rossi</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Social Support and Cognition: A Systematic Review</article-title>
					<source>Frontiers in Psychology</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<elocation-id>637060</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637060">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637060</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Dias, E. G., Andrade, F. B., Duarte, Y. A. O., Santos, J. L. F., &amp; Lebrão, M. L. (2015). Atividades avançadas de vida diária e incidência de declínio cognitivo em idosos: Estudo SABE. <italic>Cadernos de Saúde Pública</italic>, <italic>31</italic>(8), 1623-1635. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00125014">https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00125014</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dias</surname>
							<given-names>E. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrade</surname>
							<given-names>F. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Duarte</surname>
							<given-names>Y. A. O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>J. L. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lebrão</surname>
							<given-names>M. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Atividades avançadas de vida diária e incidência de declínio cognitivo em idosos: Estudo SABE</article-title>
					<source>Cadernos de Saúde Pública</source>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1623</fpage>
					<lpage>1635</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00125014">https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00125014</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Figueiredo, M. P. S., Santos, D. F., Lima, S. M. S., Ferreira, T. A. E., &amp; Mota, C. M. M. (2019). Estudo sobre a auto-avaliação da saúde na população idosa do Brasil utilizando o modelo de Regressão Múltipla Categórica-CATREG. <italic>Sigmae</italic>, 8(2), 36-48.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
							<given-names>M. P. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>D. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>S. M. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferreira</surname>
							<given-names>T. A. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mota</surname>
							<given-names>C. M. M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Estudo sobre a auto-avaliação da saúde na população idosa do Brasil utilizando o modelo de Regressão Múltipla Categórica-CATREG</article-title>
					<source>Sigmae</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>36</fpage>
					<lpage>48</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &amp; McHugh, P. R. (1975). &quot;Mini-mental state&quot;: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. <italic>Journal of Psychiatric Research</italic>, <italic>12</italic>(3), 189-98. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Folstein</surname>
							<given-names>M. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Folstein</surname>
							<given-names>S. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McHugh</surname>
							<given-names>P. R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1975</year>
					<article-title>&quot;Mini-mental state&quot;: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Psychiatric Research</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>189</fpage>
					<lpage>198</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6">https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Gefen, T., Shaw, E., Whitney, K., Martersteck, A., Stratton, J., Rademaker, A., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M. M., &amp; Rogalski, E. (2014). Longitudinal neuropsychological performance of cognitive Super Agers. <italic>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</italic>, <italic>62</italic>(8), 1598-1600. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12967">https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12967</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gefen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shaw</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Whitney</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martersteck</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stratton</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rademaker</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Weintraub</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mesulam</surname>
							<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rogalski</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Longitudinal neuropsychological performance of cognitive Super Agers</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</source>
					<volume>62</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1598</fpage>
					<lpage>1600</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12967">https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12967</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Hansen, T., &amp; Blekesaune, M. (2022). The age and well-being &quot;paradox&quot;: a longitudinal and multidimensional reconsideration. <italic>European Journal of Ageing</italic>, <italic>19</italic>(4), 1277-1286. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00709-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00709-y</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hansen</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blekesaune</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>The age and well-being &quot;paradox&quot;: a longitudinal and multidimensional reconsideration</article-title>
					<source>European Journal of Ageing</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1277</fpage>
					<lpage>1286</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00709-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00709-y</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Holstege, H., Beker, N., Dijkstra, T., Pieterse, K., Wemmenhove, E., Schouten, K., Thiessens, L., Horsten, D., Rechtuijt, S., Sikkes, S., van Poppel, F., Meijers-Heijboer, H., Hulsman, M., &amp; Scheltens, P. (2018). The 100-plus Study of cognitively healthy centenarians: rationale, design and cohort description. <italic>European Jornal of Epidemiology</italic>, <italic>33</italic>(12), 1229-1249. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0451-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0451-3</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Holstege</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beker</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dijkstra</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pieterse</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wemmenhove</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schouten</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thiessens</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Horsten</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rechtuijt</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sikkes</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>van Poppel</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meijers-Heijboer</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hulsman</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scheltens</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>The 100-plus Study of cognitively healthy centenarians: rationale, design and cohort description</article-title>
					<source>European Jornal of Epidemiology</source>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>1229</fpage>
					<lpage>1249</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0451-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0451-3</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Ioakeim-Skoufa, I., Clerencia-Sierra, M., Moreno-Juste, A., Peña E. M. C. , Poblador-Plou, B., Aza-Pascual-Salcedo, M. , González-Rubio, F., Prados-Torres, A., &amp; Gimeno-Miguel, A. (2022). Multimorbidity clusters in the oldest old: results from the EpiChron Cohort. <italic>International Journal of Environment and Research in Public Health</italic>, <italic>19</italic>(16), 10180. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610180">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610180</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ioakeim-Skoufa</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clerencia-Sierra</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moreno-Juste</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peña</surname>
							<given-names>E. M. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Poblador-Plou</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aza-Pascual-Salcedo</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>González-Rubio</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Prados-Torres</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gimeno-Miguel</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Multimorbidity clusters in the oldest old: results from the EpiChron Cohort</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Environment and Research in Public Health</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>16</issue>
					<elocation-id>10180</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610180">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610180</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., &amp; Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of illness in the aged. the index of adl: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. <italic>JAMA Network Open</italic>, <italic>185</italic>, 914-919. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016">https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Katz</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ford</surname>
							<given-names>A. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moskowitz</surname>
							<given-names>R. W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jackson</surname>
							<given-names>B. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jaffe</surname>
							<given-names>M. W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1963</year>
					<article-title>Studies of illness in the aged. the index of adl: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function</article-title>
					<source>JAMA Network Open</source>
					<volume>185</volume>
					<fpage>914</fpage>
					<lpage>919</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016">https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Kelly, M. E., Duff, H., Kelly, S., McHugh Power, J. E., Brennan, S., Lawlor, B. A., &amp; Loughrey, D. G. (2017). The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review. <italic>Systematic Reviews</italic>, 6(1), e259. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kelly</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Duff</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kelly</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McHugh Power</surname>
							<given-names>J. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brennan</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lawlor</surname>
							<given-names>B. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Loughrey</surname>
							<given-names>D. G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review</article-title>
					<source>Systematic Reviews</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<elocation-id>e259</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Knappe, M. D. F. L. (2016). <italic>Envelhecimento bem-sucedido em idosos longevos assistidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família</italic> [Dissertação de mestrado não publicada]. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Knappe</surname>
							<given-names>M. D. F. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<source>Envelhecimento bem-sucedido em idosos longevos assistidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família</source>
					<comment>[Dissertação de mestrado não publicada]</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Kuiper, J. S., Zuidersma, M., Zuidema, S. U., Burgerhof, J. G., Stolk, R. P., OudeVoshaar, R. C., &amp; Smidt, N. (2016). Social relationships and cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. <italic>International Journal of Epidemiology</italic>, <italic>45</italic>(4), 1169-1206. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw089">https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw089</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kuiper</surname>
							<given-names>J. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zuidersma</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zuidema</surname>
							<given-names>S. U.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Burgerhof</surname>
							<given-names>J. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stolk</surname>
							<given-names>R. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>OudeVoshaar</surname>
							<given-names>R. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Smidt</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Social relationships and cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Epidemiology</source>
					<volume>45</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1169</fpage>
					<lpage>1206</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw089">https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw089</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Lawton, M. P., &amp; Brody, P. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. <italic>The Gerontologist</italic>, 9, 179-186. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179">https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lawton</surname>
							<given-names>M. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brody</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1969</year>
					<article-title>Assessment of older people: Self maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living</article-title>
					<source>The Gerontologist</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<fpage>179</fpage>
					<lpage>186</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179">https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>Lin, F. V., Wang, X., Wu, R., Rebok, G. W., &amp; Chapman, B. P. (2017). Identification of Successful Cognitive Aging in the Alzheimer's Disease. <italic>Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD</italic>, <italic>59</italic>(1), 101-111. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161278">https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161278</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lin</surname>
							<given-names>F. V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>X.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wu</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rebok</surname>
							<given-names>G. W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chapman</surname>
							<given-names>B. P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Identification of Successful Cognitive Aging in the Alzheimer's Disease</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD</source>
					<volume>59</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>101</fpage>
					<lpage>111</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161278">https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161278</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>Litwin, H., &amp; Stoeckel, K. J. (2016). Social network, activity participation, and cognition: a complex relationship. <italic>Research on Aging</italic>, <italic>38</italic>(1), 76-97. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027515581422">https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027515581422 </ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Litwin</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Stoeckel</surname>
							<given-names>K. J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Social network, activity participation, and cognition: a complex relationship</article-title>
					<source>Research on Aging</source>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>76</fpage>
					<lpage>97</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027515581422">https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027515581422 </ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>Melo, D. M. B., &amp; Altemir, J. G. (2015). O uso do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental em pesquisas com idosos no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática. <italic>Ciência e Saúde Coletiva</italic>, <italic>20</italic>(12), 3865-3876.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Melo</surname>
							<given-names>D. M. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Altemir</surname>
							<given-names>J. G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>O uso do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental em pesquisas com idosos no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática</article-title>
					<source>Ciência e Saúde Coletiva</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>3865</fpage>
					<lpage>3876</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>Neri, A. L. (2002). Bienestar subjetivo en la vida adulta y en la vejez: rumbo a una Psicologia positiva en América Latina. <italic>Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia</italic> 
 <italic>43</italic>(1-2), 55-74.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Neri</surname>
							<given-names>A. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Bienestar subjetivo en la vida adulta y en la vejez: rumbo a una Psicologia positiva en América Latina</article-title>
					<source>Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia</source>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>1-2</issue>
					<fpage>55</fpage>
					<lpage>74</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>Neri, A. L., &amp; Vieira, L. A. M. (2013). Envolvimento social e suporte social percebido na velhice. <italic>Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia</italic>, <italic>16</italic>(3), 419-432.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Neri</surname>
							<given-names>A. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vieira</surname>
							<given-names>L. A. M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Envolvimento social e suporte social percebido na velhice</article-title>
					<source>Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia</source>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>419</fpage>
					<lpage>432</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>Neri, A. L., Borim, F. S. A., Lemos, L. C., &amp; Nascimento, P. P. P. (2019). Saúde percebida, satisfação com a vida e sintomas depressivos. <italic>In:</italic> A. L. Neri, F. S. A. Borim, &amp; D. Assumpção (Orgs.), <italic>Octogenários em Campinas: dados do FIBRA 80+</italic> (pp. 139-158). Alinea.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Neri</surname>
							<given-names>A. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borim</surname>
							<given-names>F. S. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lemos</surname>
							<given-names>L. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nascimento</surname>
							<given-names>P. P. P</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<chapter-title>Saúde percebida, satisfação com a vida e sintomas depressivos</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Neri</surname>
							<given-names>A. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borim</surname>
							<given-names>F. S. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Assumpção</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Octogenários em Campinas: dados do FIBRA 80+</source>
					<fpage>139</fpage>
					<lpage>158</lpage>
					<publisher-name>Alinea</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>Nosraty, L., Pulkki, J., Raitanen, J., Enroth, L., &amp; Jylhä, M. (2019). Successful aging as a predictor of long-term care among oldest old: the vitality 90+ study. <italic>Journal of Applied Gerontology</italic>, <italic>38</italic>(4), 553-571. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817716968">https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817716968</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Nosraty</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pulkki</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Raitanen</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Enroth</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jylhä</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Successful aging as a predictor of long-term care among oldest old: the vitality 90+ study</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Applied Gerontology</source>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>553</fpage>
					<lpage>571</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817716968">https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817716968</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>Oliveira, D. C., Oliveira, C. M., Lima-Costa, M. F., &amp; Alexandre, T. S. (2020). Dificuldade em atividades de vida diária e necessidade de ajuda em idosos: discutindo modelos de distanciamento social com evidências da iniciativa ELSI-COVID-19. <italic>Cadernos de Saúde Pública</italic>, <italic>36</italic>, e00213520. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00213520">https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00213520</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>D. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima-Costa</surname>
							<given-names>M. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alexandre</surname>
							<given-names>T. S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Dificuldade em atividades de vida diária e necessidade de ajuda em idosos: discutindo modelos de distanciamento social com evidências da iniciativa ELSI-COVID-19</article-title>
					<source>Cadernos de Saúde Pública</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<elocation-id>e00213520</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00213520">https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00213520</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>Reuben, D. B., Laliberti, L., Hiris, J., &amp; Mor, V. (1990). A hierarchical exercise scale to measure function at the Advanced Activities of Daily Living (AADL) level. <italic>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</italic>, <italic>38</italic>(8), 855-861 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb05699.x">http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb05699.x</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Reuben</surname>
							<given-names>D. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Laliberti</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hiris</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mor</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1990</year>
					<article-title>A hierarchical exercise scale to measure function at the Advanced Activities of Daily Living (AADL) level</article-title>
					<source>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</source>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>855</fpage>
					<lpage>861</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb05699.x">http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb05699.x</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation>Ribeiro, C. C., Borim, F. S. A., Batistoni, S. S. S. T., Cachioni, M., Neri, A. L., &amp; Yassuda, M. S. (2022). Propósito de vida e desempenho de atividades avançadas de vida diária em idosos mais velhos. <italic>Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia</italic>, <italic>25</italic>(5), e210216. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562022025.210216.pt">https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562022025.210216.pt</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
							<given-names>C. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borim</surname>
							<given-names>F. S. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Batistoni</surname>
							<given-names>S. S. S. T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cachioni</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neri</surname>
							<given-names>A. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yassuda</surname>
							<given-names>M. S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Propósito de vida e desempenho de atividades avançadas de vida diária em idosos mais velhos</article-title>
					<source>Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia</source>
					<volume>25</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<elocation-id>e210216</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562022025.210216.pt">https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562022025.210216.pt</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>Rocha, J. P., Oliveira, G. G., Jorge, L. B., Rodrigues, F. R., Morsch, P., &amp; Bós, A. J. G. (2017). Relação entre funcionalidade e autopercepção de saúde entre idosos jovens e longevos brasileiros. <italic>Revista Saúde e Pesquisa</italic>, <italic>10</italic>(2), 283-291. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rocha</surname>
							<given-names>J. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>G. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jorge</surname>
							<given-names>L. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
							<given-names>F. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morsch</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bós</surname>
							<given-names>A. J. G</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Relação entre funcionalidade e autopercepção de saúde entre idosos jovens e longevos brasileiros</article-title>
					<source>Revista Saúde e Pesquisa</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>283</fpage>
					<lpage>291</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation>Santana, F., &amp; Lima, M. (2015). Prevalência de quedas e dor musculoesquelética em idosos. Saúde e meio ambiente: <italic>Revista Interdisciplinar</italic>, 3(2), 80-89.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Santana</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lima</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Prevalência de quedas e dor musculoesquelética em idosos</article-title>
					<source>Saúde e meio ambiente: Revista Interdisciplinar</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>80</fpage>
					<lpage>89</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation>Scherrer Júnior, G., Simão, M., Passos, K. G., &amp; Ernandes, R. D. C. (2019). Cognição prejudicada de idosos em instituições de longa permanência pública de São Paulo. <italic>Enfermagem Brasil</italic>, <italic>18</italic>(3), 339-348.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Scherrer</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
							<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Simão</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Passos</surname>
							<given-names>K. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ernandes</surname>
							<given-names>R. D. C</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Cognição prejudicada de idosos em instituições de longa permanência pública de São Paulo</article-title>
					<source>Enfermagem Brasil</source>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>339</fpage>
					<lpage>348</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation>Silva, H. S., Duarte, Y. A. O., Andrade, F. B., Cerqueira, A. T. A. R., Santos, J. L. F., &amp; Lebrão, M. L. (2014). Correlates of above-average cognitive performance among older adults: the SABE study. <italic>Cadernos de Saúde Pública</italic>, <italic>30</italic>(9), 1977-1986. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00131913">https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00131913</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>H. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Duarte</surname>
							<given-names>Y. A. O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Andrade</surname>
							<given-names>F. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cerqueira</surname>
							<given-names>A. T. A. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>J. L. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lebrão</surname>
							<given-names>M. L</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Correlates of above-average cognitive performance among older adults: the SABE study</article-title>
					<source>Cadernos de Saúde Pública</source>
					<volume>30</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>1977</fpage>
					<lpage>1986</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00131913">https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00131913</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation>Tindale, L. C., Salema, D., &amp; Brooks-Wilson, A. R. (2019). 10-year follow-up of the Super Seniors Study: compression of morbidity and genetic factors. <italic>BMC Geriatrics</italic>, <italic>19</italic>(1), 58. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1080-8">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1080-8</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tindale</surname>
							<given-names>L. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salema</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brooks-Wilson</surname>
							<given-names>A. R</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>10-year follow-up of the Super Seniors Study: compression of morbidity and genetic factors</article-title>
					<source>BMC Geriatrics</source>
					<volume>19</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<elocation-id>58</elocation-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1080-8">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1080-8</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation>Torquato, J. A. P., Costa, A. O. R., Silva, A. J., Jr. , &amp; Frota, K. M. G. (2014). Fatores associados à autoavaliação de saúde em idosos da cidade de picos - Piauí. <italic>Revista Eletrônica Gestão e Saúde</italic>, 5(5), 3087-3100.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Torquato</surname>
							<given-names>J. A. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>A. O. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Silva</surname>
							<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frota</surname>
							<given-names>K. M. G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Fatores associados à autoavaliação de saúde em idosos da cidade de picos - Piauí</article-title>
					<source>Revista Eletrônica Gestão e Saúde</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>3087</fpage>
					<lpage>3100</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation>Wang, H. X., Jin, Y., Hendrie, H. C., Liang, C., Yang, L., Cheng, Y., Unverzagt, F. W., Ma, F., Hall, K. S., Murrell, J. R., Li, P., Bian, J., Pei, J. J., &amp; Gao, S. (2013). Late life leisure activities and risk of cognitive decline. <italic>The journals of gerontology. Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</italic>, <italic>68</italic>(2), 205-213. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls153">https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls153</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>H. X.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jin</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hendrie</surname>
							<given-names>H. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liang</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheng</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Unverzagt</surname>
							<given-names>F. W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ma</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hall</surname>
							<given-names>K. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Murrell</surname>
							<given-names>J. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bian</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pei</surname>
							<given-names>J. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gao</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Late life leisure activities and risk of cognitive decline</article-title>
					<source>The journals of gerontology. Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</source>
					<volume>68</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>205</fpage>
					<lpage>213</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls153">https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls153</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<mixed-citation>Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., &amp; Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. <italic>Journal of Psychiatric Research</italic>, <italic>17</italic>(1), 37-49. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yesavage</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brink</surname>
							<given-names>T. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rose</surname>
							<given-names>T. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lum</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adey</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leirer</surname>
							<given-names>V. O</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1982</year>
					<article-title>Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Psychiatric Research</source>
					<volume>17</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>37</fpage>
					<lpage>49</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<mixed-citation>Yu, J., Collinson, S. L., Liew, T. M., Ng, T.-P., Mahendran, R., Kua, E.-H., &amp; Feng, l. (2019). Super-cognition in aging: Cognitive profiles and associated lifestyle factors. <italic>Applied Neuropsychology: Adult</italic>, <italic>27</italic>(6), 497-503. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1570928">https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1570928</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Collinson</surname>
							<given-names>S. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liew</surname>
							<given-names>T. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ng</surname>
							<given-names>T.-P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mahendran</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kua</surname>
							<given-names>E.-H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feng</surname>
							<given-names>l</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Super-cognition in aging: Cognitive profiles and associated lifestyle factors</article-title>
					<source>Applied Neuropsychology: Adult</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>497</fpage>
					<lpage>503</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1570928">https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1570928</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Article elaborated from the dissertation of C. A. PEREIRA, entitled “Desempenho Cognitivo acima da média em idosos longevos”. Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2020.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
				<label>Support:</label>
				<p><italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic>, project “<italic>Padrões de envelhecimento físico cognitivo e psicossocial em idosos longevos que vivem em diferentes contextos</italic>”.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1982-0275202441e210207pt</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Pesquisa - Psicologia do Desenvolvimento</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fatores associados ao desempenho cognitivo acima da média em idosos longevos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0083-0330</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Célio Alves</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>1</sup></xref>
                    <role>concepção e desenho</role>
                    <role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6673-5507</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Lucy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>2</sup></xref>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0315-9549</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rezende</surname>
						<given-names>Eduarda Freitas</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>3</sup></xref>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8627-3736</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chariglione</surname>
						<given-names>Isabelle Patriciá Freitas Soares</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40"><sup>4</sup></xref>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2605-1335</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Moraes</surname>
						<given-names>Clayton Franco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50"><sup>5</sup></xref>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1412-830X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Vicente Paulo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff60"><sup>6</sup></xref>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3888-4214</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Henrique Salmazo da</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50"><sup>5</sup></xref>
                    <role>concepção e desenho</role>
                    <role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
                    <role>revisão e aprovação da versão final do artigo</role>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unibrasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Coordenação de Graduação em Enfermagem. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Unibrasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Coordenação de Graduação em Enfermagem</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff20">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Aparecido dos Santos, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Medicina. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Aparecido dos Santos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Curso de Medicina</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff30">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Católica de Brasília, Curso de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia e Psicologia. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Católica de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Psicologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia e Psicologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff40">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Curso de Graduação em Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Escolar e do Desenvolvimento. Distrito Federal, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Graduação em Psicologia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Escolar e do Desenvolvimento</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Distrito Federal</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff50">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Católica de Brasília, Curso de Medicina e Área Básica de Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia. Brasília, DF, Brasil. </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Católica de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina e Área Básica de Saúde</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff60">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Católica de Brasília, Curso de Medicina e Núcleo de Formação Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia. Brasília, DF, Brasil.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Católica de Brasília</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina e Núcleo de Formação Básica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Brasília</city>
					<state>DF</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c10">
					<label>Correspondência para:</label> H. S. SILVA. E-mail: &lt;<email>henriquesalmazo@yahoo.com.br</email>&gt;</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn20">
					<label>Editor responsável:</label>
					<p> André Luiz Monezi de Andrade </p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn40">
					<label>Conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p> Os autores declaram não haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo </title>
					<p>Investigar os fatores associados ao desempenho igual ou superior ao percentil 95 no Miniexame de Estado Mental de pessoas idosas com 80 anos e mais. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método </title>
					<p>Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva e quantitativa, conduzida com uma amostra de conveniência composta por 101 idosos cognitivamente saudáveis, residentes no Distrito Federal e avaliados por escalas de humor, suporte social, desempenho funcional e saúde. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados </title>
					<p>Análises estatísticas bivariadas indicaram que os longevos com melhor desempenho cognitivo no Miniexame de Estado Mental, quando comparados aos participantes com desempenho abaixo ao percentil 95, apresentaram melhor autopercepção de saúde, maior satisfação com a capacidade de resolução de tarefas cotidianas, avaliação mais positiva do suporte social geral e relacionado ao domínio de ter com quem conversar quando se sente sozinho. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão </title>
					<p>O elevado desempenho cognitivo global na velhice se associa à saúde percebida, à satisfação em relação ao desempenho funcional e ao suporte social. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Cognição</kwd>
				<kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
				<kwd>Saúde do idoso</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>O aumento da população idosa e, em especial, da quantidade de idosos que ultrapassam a fronteira dos 80 anos ou mais, é uma realidade crescente no Brasil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Andrade et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Knappe, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rocha et al., 2017</xref>). Em face desse fenômeno, o envelhecimento bem-sucedido dessa população tem sido alvo de estudiosos, pesquisadores e gestores, com vistas a garantir que a velhice avançada seja uma etapa vivida com bem-estar e qualidade de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aita et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Neri et al., 2019</xref>). Na literatura, os modelos teóricos de envelhecimento bem-sucedido de pessoas idosas longevas focalizam aspectos biomédicos e/ou psicossociais, englobando componentes como melhor desempenho funcional, engajamento com a vida, dispor de condições satisfatórias de vida e utilizar mecanismos compensatórios para regulação das perdas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Chen et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Nosraty et al., 2019</xref>). </p>
			<p>A cognição compõe uma das medidas associadas ao envelhecimento bem-sucedido de idosos longevos e relaciona-se com uma reserva cognitiva e cerebral, um estilo de vida saudável e uma boa saúde física e mental. O termo “desempenho cognitivo acima da média” contempla o desenvolvimento e a preservação de múltiplas habilidades cognitivas, além da ausência de comprometimento cognitivo nas pessoas idosas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Yu et al., 2019</xref>). </p>
			<p>Nesse contexto, alguns estudos documentam que determinados grupos de idosos com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos apresentam habilidades mnemônicas e de desempenho cognitivo global superiores quando comparados a pessoas idosas cognitivamente saudáveis pareadas por idade e escolaridade ou a idosos e adultos mais jovens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bucci et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lin et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Yu et al., 2019</xref>). Parte desses idosos alcançam desempenho mnemônico elevado ou superior aos valores normativos e esperados para adultos pelo menos duas ou três décadas mais jovens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gefen et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Entre os fatores que moderam ou explicam as diferenças de desempenho desse grupo ressaltam-se a elevada participação social, o grande apoio e suporte social, a melhor saúde física e a adoção de um estilo de vida saudável (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cho et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holstege et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Tindale et al., 2019</xref>). A participação social refere-se ao nível de engajamento em atividades que envolvem interações sociais, sendo essas realizadas em grupos formais ou informais, ou no contexto das Atividades Avançadas de Vida Diária (AAVD). As AAVD constituem um conjunto de atividades sociais, produtivas e de lazer desempenhadas por idosos e que são influenciadas por motivação pessoal e fatores socioculturais. Na literatura gerontológica, a realização dessas atividades está relacionada ao desenvolvimento pessoal, à integração e às habilidades sociais, além de fatores como arranjo de moradia, sexo, sintomas depressivos e melhor desempenho cognitivo global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dias et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>O apoio social e suporte social, por sua vez, reúnem elementos das relações interpessoais e, na literatura, têm sido usados como um modelo para avaliar o nível de integração social, isolamento ou apoio recebido. A avaliação do suporte social integra o apoio oferecido ou recebido nas dimensões emocionais, materiais ou financeiras e instrumentais. O caráter protetor do suporte social variará em função do contexto, das relações e dos aspectos qualitativos em que se desenvolvem, e na velhice avançada ele tem sido elencado como um importante recurso para o manejo de dificuldades do dia a dia e para o enfrentamento de estressores. </p>
			<p>Em revisão sistemática de 22 estudos - dos quais 19 apresentavam populações idosas -, foram encontrados, em 17 deles, associações positivas entre a maior disponibilidade de suporte social e o melhor desempenho cognitivo. Entre os componentes de suporte social, os que mais se associaram com as funções cognitivas foram os domínios emocional e instrumental, que variaram em função de outros componentes como gênero e estado funcional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Costa-Cordella et al., 2021</xref>). </p>
			<p>Em estudos com idosos longevos, como o de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cho et al. (2015</xref>), constatou-se que níveis mais altos de funcionamento cognitivo se associaram a mais recursos sociais (engajamento e interação social) e menor comprometimento da saúde física (percepção subjetiva de saúde e número de limitações sensoriais e doenças crônicas). Por sua vez, um menor comprometimento da saúde física e maior recurso social foram associados à maior prevalência de afetos positivos. Observa-se, portanto, que variáveis proximais, como recursos sociais, ocupam um importante papel no bem-estar de idosos longevos, e que manter a cognição saudável é importante para esse grupo porque esse fator possui relação com a saúde física, o engajamento social e, consequentemente, com os afetos positivos. Nesse estudo, os autores analisaram os dados de 234 centenários e 72 octogenários norte-americanos.</p>
			<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holstege et al. (2018</xref>), ao investigarem 300 centenários holandeses cognitivamente saudáveis, observaram que essa população se caracterizava por idosos independentes, com bom funcionamento sensorial, elevada escolaridade e posição socioeconômica e maior número de filhos. A mortalidade se associou ao funcionamento cognitivo global de forma que centenários com pontuação igual ou superior a 26 pontos no Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM), na linha de base, apresentaram uma porcentagem de mortalidade de 17% ao ano no período de dois anos. Já aqueles com pontuação inferior a 26 pontos apresentaram mortalidade de 42% por ano. O MEEM é frequentemente utilizado por se tratar de um instrumento de rastreio cognitivo mundialmente conhecido e aplicado em estudos epidemiológicos para estimar alterações no desempenho cognitivo global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Melo &amp; Altemir, 2015</xref>). </p>
			<p>Após dois anos de seguimento, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Beker et al. (2020</xref>) reavaliaram 79 centenários sobreviventes do estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holstege et al. (2018</xref>). Os autores observaram maior sobrevida entre centenários com 26 a 30 pontos no MEEM na avaliação inicial. A estimativa de sobrevida máxima nesse grupo alcançou 82% ao ano (IC 95%, 77% a 87%). Nesse grupo, 73% dos participantes não apresentaram alterações cognitivas substanciais, o que indica manutenção do desempenho cognitivo global. Estima-se que esse grupo represente menos de 10% dos centenários holandeses, e documentar o perfil dessa população pode oferecer pistas para o delineamento de programas de saúde cognitiva e prevenção do declínio cognitivo na velhice avançada.</p>
			<p>Contudo, ressalta-se que fatores sociodemográficos também podem influenciar na capacidade cognitiva de idosos longevos. Variáveis como idade e escolaridade são fatores predominantes, capazes de influenciar o desempenho cognitivo. Considera-se que os indivíduos com menor escolaridade e com idade mais avançada tendem a obter escores mais baixos em avaliações cognitivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Scherrer Júnior et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Embora grande parte da produção sobre o tema ressalte a importância de componentes associados à saúde, ao estilo de vida e à participação social na cognição de idosos longevos, estudos brasileiros com esse público são escassos e podem auxiliar na compreensão do papel de componentes objetivos, subjetivos e associados ao estilo de vida e à saúde. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo investigou se o elevado desempenho cognitivo de idosos longevos possui associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, humor, suporte social, desempenho funcional, engajamento em atividades sociais e de lazer e saúde percebida.</p>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Método</title>
				<p>Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo. Foi conduzido em Brasília, que possui 31 regiões administrativas, entre elas a Região Administrativa de Águas Claras, onde se localiza o <italic>campus</italic> da Universidade Católica de Brasília. No âmbito da Universidade, a pesquisa foi realizada em dois locais: no Hospital universitário, para avaliação clínica, cognitiva e de saúde autorreferida, e no Laboratório de Avaliação Física e Treinamento, para avaliação funcional e física.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Participantes</title>
					<p>No presente estudo, a amostra foi obtida por conveniência e recrutada no Ambulatório de Geriatria e Medicina Interna do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Católica de Brasília entre os anos de 2016 e 2018. </p>
					<p>Os critérios de inclusão foram: ter idade igual ou superior a 80 anos, residir no Distrito Federal e abrangências, consentir em participar do estudo e ter disponibilidade em para realizar avaliações sociais, físicas e laboratoriais.</p>
					<p>Os critérios de exclusão do presente estudo foram: ser acamado(a), apresentar perdas auditivas graves, ter morbidades psiquiátricas não controladas, síndrome demencial em estágio avançado, presença de declínio cognitivo no MEEM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brucki et al., 2003</xref>): pontuação menor que 17 pontos para os analfabetos, 22 pontos para idosos com escolaridade entre 1 e 4 anos; 24 pontos para escolaridade entre 5 e 8 anos e 26 pontos para os idosos com 9 anos ou mais de escolaridade (critérios do Estudo FIBRA, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Neri &amp; Vieira, 2013</xref>). Dos 208 idosos avaliados, 107 foram excluídos por apresentar desempenho inferior aos pontos de corte no MEEM e/ou atender aos demais critérios de exclusão. Sendo assim, a amostra final foi composta por 101 idosos longevos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Instrumentos</title>
					<p>Os instrumentos utilizados compreenderam: </p>
					<p><italic>Questionário sociodemográfico</italic> com informações sobre: idade - quantificada em anos; sexo - masculino ou feminino; estado civil - solteiro(a), viúvo(a), casado(a) ou divorciado(a); renda familiar - quantificada pela somatória dos ganhos de toda a família por mês. </p>
					<p><italic>Miniexame do Estado Mental</italic> (MEEM): instrumento de rastreio cognitivo composto por 30 questões que avaliam a orientação no tempo e espaço, memória episódica, repetição imediata, praxia, funções visuoespaciais e linguagem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brucki et al., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Folstein et al., 1975</xref>). Para classificação dos idosos com pontuação acima da média no MEEM, elegeu-se a pontuação igual ou superior ao percentil 95 para cada faixa de escolaridade (iletrados e 1 a 4 anos de escolaridade, 28 pontos ou mais; 5 a 7 anos de escolaridade, 29 pontos ou mais; 8 anos ou mais de escolaridade, 30 pontos).</p>
					<p><italic>Inventário de Atividades Básicas de Vida Diária</italic> (ABVD): mensuradas por meio da escala de autocuidado proposta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Katz et al. (1963</xref>). Foram investigadas a ausência ou presença de dificuldades nas ABVD, como: usar o banheiro, alimentar-se, locomover-se, transferir-se, tomar banho e fazer a higiene pessoal. O participante com limitação em alguma atividade foi classificado como “com limitação nas ABVD”, e aquele sem limitação, como “independente nas ABVD”. </p>
					<p><italic>Inventário de Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária</italic> (AIVD): mensuradas por meio da escala proposta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Lawton e Brody (1969</xref>). O instrumento avalia a presença ou ausência de dificuldades em tarefas que envolvem a manutenção de uma vida independente, como: fazer comida, pegar transporte, administrar as finanças, realizar trabalho doméstico, tomar medicações, usar o telefone e fazer compras. O participante com limitação em alguma atividade foi classificado como “com limitação nas AIVD”, e aquele sem limitação, como “independente nas AIVD”. </p>
					<p><italic>Inventário de Atividades Avançadas de Vida Diária</italic> (AAVD): proposto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Reuben et al. (1990</xref>), inclui a frequência de realização das seguintes atividades: cuidar ou prestar assistência aos outros, realizar tarefas domésticas, gerenciar os próprios negócios e finanças, manter contato com outras pessoas por meio de cartas, telefonemas e/ou e-mails, visitar amigos e família na casa deles ou convidar outras pessoas para sua casa, para refeições ou atividades recreativas e participar de reuniões sociais ou grupos da terceira idade. A partir das respostas dadas, os participantes foram classificados em “participa” ou “não realiza”.</p>
					<p><italic>Questionário sobre doenças crônicas autorreferidas</italic>, que compreende: doenças do coração, hipertensão, AVC, câncer, artrite reumatoide, doenças pulmonares, depressão e osteoporose. Os participantes foram divididos em três categorias: nenhuma doença; uma ou duas doenças e três ou mais doenças.</p>
					<p><italic>Questionário de autopercepção de saúde</italic>, utilizando três dos cinco itens propostos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Neri et al. (2019</xref>) a respeito da avaliação da pessoa idosa sobre: (1) sua saúde de um modo geral; (2) sua saúde comparada há um ano; (3) o nível de atividade comparado há um ano. Em cada um, o idoso respondeu utilizando a escala Likert. Na primeira questão, foram apresentadas cinco opções de respostas que variaram entre “1 = Muito ruim”; “2 = Ruim”; &quot;3 = Regular”; &quot;4 = Bom” e “5 = Muito bom” e os participantes foram situados em dois grupos: “Muito ruim, ruim e regular” e “Boa e muito boa”. Nas demais questões, foram apresentadas três possibilidades de respostas: “1 = Pior”, “2 = Igual” e “3 = Melhor”.</p>
					<p><italic>Escala de Depressão Geriátrica</italic> (GDS): versão com 15 itens, cuja pontuação varia de 0 a 15 pontos. Ela foi adaptada para a população brasileira por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Almeida e Almeida (1999</xref>), que se baseou na escala original criada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Yesavage et al. (1982</xref>), com 30 itens. O objetivo da GDS é detectar a presença de sintomas sugestivos de depressão em idosos, com ponto de corte superior a 6 pontos. No presente estudo os participantes foram classificados com pontuação &gt; 6 pontos e &lt; 6 pontos.</p>
					<p><italic>Interpersonal Support Evaluation List</italic> (ISEL): construído para avaliar o suporte social percebido por meio de cinco questões escalares para medir a disponibilidade de suporte socioemocional, instrumental, informativo e afetivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cohen et al., 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Neri &amp; Vieira, 2013</xref>). As opções de resposta foram codificadas em Escala Likert de 1 a 4, incluindo, respectivamente, “nunca”, “às vezes”, “na maioria das vezes” e “sempre”. Para este estudo, recorreu-se à análise da pontuação de cada item.</p>
					<p><italic>Escala de Satisfação com a vida</italic>: proposta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Neri (2002</xref>), com questões sobre satisfação global com a vida, satisfação em comparação com os outros da mesma idade e seis itens sobre a satisfação referenciada aos domínios memória, capacidade funcional e de solução de problemas, amizades e relações familiares, ambiente, acesso a serviços de saúde e meios de transporte. Cada questão apresentou como opções “Pouco” (valor 1), “Mais ou menos” (valor 2) ou “Muito” (valor 3). Neste estudo, cada item foi investigado separadamente e as respostas foram classificadas entre “Pouco e Mais ou Menos” e “Muito”.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedimentos</title>
					<p>A coleta de dados ocorreu em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, a pessoa idosa, no dia de sua consulta médica, compareceu ao ambulatório com seu acompanhante e foi informada sobre aos objetivos da pesquisa. Tanto a pessoa idosa quanto o acompanhante foram esclarecidos a respeito do caráter voluntário da participação, com possibilidade de desistir da pesquisa a qualquer momento e sem nenhum custo; da segurança e sigilo total dos dados fornecidos e da necessidade de assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Na segunda etapa, a pessoa idosa que aceitou participar da pesquisa, após assinatura do termo, foi encaminhada a uma sala onde, com o entrevistador (profissional da saúde treinado para aplicação dos instrumentos), realizou a primeira etapa da coleta de dados, que envolvia o rastreio cognitivo e a aplicação do questionário sociodemográfico. Na última etapa, a pessoa idosa foi encaminhada à consulta médica com o geriatra para avaliação clínica e de saúde, e, em seguida, realizou as avaliações funcionais, de humor, suporte social e satisfação com a vida com os pesquisadores do estudo. Todas as respostas foram registradas eletronicamente em um formulário do Google e enviadas à planilha do banco de dados do estudo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análise de Dados</title>
					<p>Os dados foram analisados de forma quantitativa, por meio do Programa IBM<sup>®</sup>SPSS<sup>®</sup>, versão 20.0. Foram realizadas comparações de médias entre os grupos por testes não paramétricos de Mann Whitney para variáveis quantitativas discretas e contínuas, e Qui-quadrado ou Fisher para variáveis quantitativas categóricas. Optou-se pelos testes não paramétricos em função da ausência de distribuição normal das variáveis discretas e contínuas. Adicionalmente, calculou-se, nos testes de comparações de grupos, o valor do tamanho de efeito às associações estatisticamente significativas. Aplicou-se como medida de tamanho de efeito o Rank Biserial Correlation (rrb). O valor de significância para as análises foi de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05.</p>
					<p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Católica de Brasília, sob parecer nº 1.290.368 e Certificado de Apresentação para Apreciação Ética - CAAE nº 50075215.2.0000.0029, atendendo às exigências da Resolução nº 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, que dispõe sobre as normas e diretrizes regulamentadoras de pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>A amostra investigada apresentou média de 84,2 anos de idade (<italic>DP</italic> = + 4,61 anos), média de 4,3 anos de escolaridade (<italic>DP</italic> = + 4,77) e a maioria dos participantes era viúvo(a) (47,7%) ou solteiro(a) (34,7%) e reportou renda familiar média mensal igual ou superior a três salários mínimos (49,1%) ou entre dois a três salários mínimos mensais (39,6%). Dos 101 idosos longevos, 90 participantes (<italic>M</italic> = 83,2 anos de idade; <italic>DP</italic> = + 3,93) apresentaram pontuação abaixo do percentil 95 no MEEM e 11 (<italic>M</italic> = 81,4 anos de idade; <italic>DP</italic> = + 3,96), pontuação igual ou acima. </p>
				<p>Conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>, os participantes com pontuação igual ou superior ao percentil 95 apresentaram 28 pontos na faixa de escolaridade “iletrados” (<italic>n</italic> = 2) e “1 a 4 anos de estudo” (<italic>n</italic> = 3); 29 pontos ou mais na faixa de escolaridade “5 a 7 anos de estudo” (<italic>n</italic> = 3) e 30 pontos na faixa “8 anos ou mais de escolaridade“ (<italic>n</italic> = 3). Optou-se pela estratificação dos grupos conforme a faixa de escolaridade para diminuir o viés da escolarização no desempenho cognitivo global.</p>
				<p>As análises indicaram que os participantes com desempenho cognitivo igual ou superior ao percentil 95 deram respostas semelhantes às dos demais participantes longevos em relação às condições sociodemográficas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>), desempenho funcional, humor e doenças crônicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">Tabela 2</xref>) e ao perfil de participação nas AAVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t30">Tabela 3</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Caracterização do perfil de desempenho cognitivo dos idosos longevos segundo a faixa de escolaridade</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Faixa de escolaridade </th>
									<th align="center"><italic>N</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>M</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>Mdn</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>DP</italic></th>
									<th align="center">Percentil 25</th>
									<th align="center">Percentil 50</th>
									<th align="center">Percentil 75</th>
									<th align="center">Percentil 95</th>
								</tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Iletrados</td>
									<td align="center">26</td>
									<td align="center">21,27</td>
									<td align="center">21,00</td>
									<td align="center">3,29</td>
									<td align="center">19,0</td>
									<td align="center">21,0</td>
									<td align="center">23,25</td>
									<td align="center">28</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">1 a 4</td>
									<td align="center">18</td>
									<td align="center">24,89</td>
									<td align="center">24,50</td>
									<td align="center">1,93</td>
									<td align="center">23,0</td>
									<td align="center">24,0</td>
									<td align="center">26,00</td>
									<td align="center">28</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5 a 7</td>
									<td align="center">34</td>
									<td align="center">25,59</td>
									<td align="center">25,00</td>
									<td align="center">2,01</td>
									<td align="center">24,0</td>
									<td align="center">25,0</td>
									<td align="center">27,00</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">8 ou +</td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
									<td align="center">26,96</td>
									<td align="center">27,00</td>
									<td align="center">1,89</td>
									<td align="center">26,0</td>
									<td align="center">27,0</td>
									<td align="center">29,00</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>Nota: Mdn: Mediana; N: Número.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>No que se refere ao desempenho funcional e às doenças crônicas, a prevalência de sintomas depressivos acima do ponto de corte na GDS foi de 21,3% no grupo com percentil inferior a 95 no MEEM e de 14,3% no grupo com desempenho igual ou superior ao percentil 95. No grupo de melhor desempenho houve menor prevalência de limitações nas ABVD e AIVD, menor prevalência de piora do nível de atividade em comparação a um ano atrás e de piora na saúde comparada a um ano atrás. Contudo, nenhuma dessas diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas. Observou-se associações entre melhor desempenho cognitivo e autoavaliação de saúde positiva, indicando que o grupo com melhor desempenho cognitivo na velhice avançada apresentou autoavaliação mais positiva da saúde (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t20">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t20">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Caracterização sociodemográfica dos idosos longevos segundo o desempenho cognitivo abaixo ou acima do percentil 95 no Miniexame do Estado Mental</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Variáveis sociodemográficas </th>
									<th align="center">Desempenho abaixo do percentil 95 MEEM = 90</th>
									<th align="center">Desempenho igual ou acima do percentil 95 MEEM = 11</th>
									<th align="center"><italic>p-</italic>valor</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">% </th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Faixa etária</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,485</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">80 a 84 anos</td>
									<td align="center">66,7</td>
									<td align="center">81,8</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">85 ou mais</td>
									<td align="center">33,3</td>
									<td align="center">18,2</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sexo</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 1,000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Homem</td>
									<td align="center">40,0</td>
									<td align="center">36,4</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Mulher</td>
									<td align="center">60,0</td>
									<td align="center">63,6</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Estado civil</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,725</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Solteiro</td>
									<td align="center">40,0</td>
									<td align="center">54,5</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Casado</td>
									<td align="center">10,0</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Divorciado</td>
									<td align="center"> 7,8</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Viúvo</td>
									<td align="center">42,2</td>
									<td align="center">45,5</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Faixa de renda</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,067</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">1 SM</td>
									<td align="center">11,1</td>
									<td align="center">36,4</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">2 SM</td>
									<td align="center">41,1</td>
									<td align="center">18,2</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3 SM ou mais</td>
									<td align="center">47,8</td>
									<td align="center">45,5</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Nota: Estudo PROCAD Idosos Longevos no Distrito Federal em 2018. Teste Exato de Fisher, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05; SM: Salário Mínimo. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t30">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Condições de saúde dos idosos longevos segundo o desempenho cognitivo abaixo ou acima do percentil 95 no Miniexame do Estado Mental</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Variáveis de condições de saúde </th>
									<th align="center">Desempenho abaixo do percentil 95 MEEM = 90</th>
									<th align="center">Desempenho igual ou acima do percentil 95 MEEM = 11</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2"><italic>p</italic>-valor</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">% </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Atividades básicas da vida diária</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,206</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Independente</td>
									<td align="center">79,8</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Dificuldade em 1 ou +</td>
									<td align="center">20,2</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Atividades instrumentais da vida diária</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,196</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Independente</td>
									<td align="center">40,0</td>
									<td align="center">63,9</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Dificuldade em 1 ou +</td>
									<td align="center">60,0</td>
									<td align="center">36,4</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Doença do coração (% Sim)</td>
									<td align="center">13,4</td>
									<td align="center">14,3</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,989</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Hipertensão</td>
									<td align="center">87,8</td>
									<td align="center">87,8</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,975</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">AVC/isquemia</td>
									<td align="center">7,9</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,963</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Diabetes</td>
									<td align="center">29,6</td>
									<td align="center">37,5</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,693</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Câncer</td>
									<td align="center">18,8</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,593</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Artrite/reumatismo</td>
									<td align="center">32,2</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,098</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Doenças do pulmão</td>
									<td align="center">12,5</td>
									<td align="center">14,3</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,989</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Depressão</td>
									<td align="center">17,5</td>
									<td align="center">25,0</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,633</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Osteoporose</td>
									<td align="center">38,1</td>
									<td align="center">42,9</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,925</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Número de doenças</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,990</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
									<td align="center">0,0</td>
									<td align="center"> 3,7</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Uma ou duas</td>
									<td align="center">62,5</td>
									<td align="center"> 54,9</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Três ou mais</td>
									<td align="center">37,5</td>
									<td align="center">41,5</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Autoavaliação de saúde</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,009</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Muito ruim, ruim ou regular</td>
									<td align="center">61,1</td>
									<td align="center">18,2</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Boa e muito boa</td>
									<td align="center">38,9</td>
									<td align="center">81,8</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Saúde comparada a um ano atrás</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,923</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pior</td>
									<td align="center">37,8</td>
									<td align="center">36,4</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Igual</td>
									<td align="center">37,8</td>
									<td align="center">45,5</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Melhor</td>
									<td align="center">24,4</td>
									<td align="center">18,2</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Atividade comparada a um ano atrás</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,081</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pior</td>
									<td align="center">47,8</td>
									<td align="center">18,2</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Igual</td>
									<td align="center">43,3</td>
									<td align="center">81,8</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Melhor</td>
									<td align="center">8,9</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Escala de depressão geriátrica</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,989</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">≥ 6 pontos</td>
									<td align="center">21,3</td>
									<td align="center">14,3</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">&lt; 6 pontos</td>
									<td align="center">78,7</td>
									<td align="center">85,7</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Nota: Estudo PROCAD Idosos Longevos no Distrito Federal em 2018. Teste Exato de Fisher, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>No que se refere às AAVD, o grupo com melhor desempenho cognitivo apresentou maior engajamento na maior parte das atividades. Contudo, as diferenças entre grupos não foram estatisticamente significativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t40">Tabela 4</xref>). Em relação ao suporte social percebido (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t50">Tabela 5</xref>), o grupo com desempenho igual ou superior ao percentil 95 no MEEM apresentou maiores médias em comparação ao grupo com desempenho abaixo do percentil 95. No entanto, houve associações estatisticamente significantes apenas entre o desempenho cognitivo, pontuação total na ISEL (<italic>p</italic> = 0,031; Rank Biserial Correlation (rrb ) - rrb = 0,416) e o domínio “Ter com quem conversar quando se sente sozinho” (<italic>p</italic> = 0,037; rrb = 0,468), o que pode indicar que o grupo com melhor desempenho cognitivo global apresentou avaliação mais positiva a respeito da disponibilidade da rede de contatos sociais. Em ambas as associações, o tamanho de efeito (rrb) variou entre 0,41 a 0,46, sendo considerado modesto.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t40">
						<label>Tabela 4 </label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Prevalência de realização de Atividades Avançadas de Vida Diária de acordo com o desempenho cognitivo abaixo ou acima do percentil 95 no Miniexame do Estado Mental de idosos longevos</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Variáveis</th>
									<th align="center">Desempenho abaixo do percentil 95 MEEM = 90</th>
									<th align="center">Desempenho igual ou acima percentil 95 MEEM = 11</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2"><bold><italic>p</italic>-valor</bold></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">% </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fazer visitas às casas de outras pessoas</td>
									<td align="center">70,8</td>
									<td align="center">90,9</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,183</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Receber visitas</td>
									<td align="center">89,9</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,592</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ir à igreja ou templo religioso</td>
									<td align="center">70,8</td>
									<td align="center">90,9</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,280</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Participar de reuniões sociais</td>
									<td align="center">57,3</td>
									<td align="center">81,8</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,192</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Dirigir automóvel</td>
									<td align="center">19,1</td>
									<td align="center">18,2</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 1,000</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fazer viagens para fora por um dia</td>
									<td align="center">62,9</td>
									<td align="center">81,9</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,320</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fazer viagens longas</td>
									<td align="center">59,6</td>
									<td align="center">72,7</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,521</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Trabalho voluntário</td>
									<td align="center">21,3</td>
									<td align="center">18,2</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,989</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Trabalho remunerado</td>
									<td align="center">11,2</td>
									<td align="center"> 9,1</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,997</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Participar de diretorias e conselhos</td>
									<td align="center"> 3,4</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,985</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade e atualizações</td>
									<td align="center"> 3,4</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,998</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Centros de convivência e grupos para idosos</td>
									<td align="center"> 3,4</td>
									<td align="center"> 0,0</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,978</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>Nota: Estudo PROCAD Idosos Longevos no Distrito Federal em 2018. Teste Exato de Fisher, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t50">
						<label>Tabela 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Suporte social percebido e satisfação com a vida de acordo com o desempenho cognitivo abaixo ou acima do percentil 95 no Miniexame do Estado Mental de pessoas idosas longevas.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col span="2"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Variáveis de suporte social </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Desempenho abaixo percentil 95 MEEM = 90 </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="2">Desempenho igual ou acima percentil 95 MEEM = 11 </th>
									<th align="center"><bold><italic>p</italic>-valor</bold></th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center"><italic>M</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>DP</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>M</italic></th>
									<th align="center"><italic>DP</italic></th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
                                <tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Suporte social percebido </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Tem com quem conversar quando se sente sozinho</td>
									<td align="center">3,25</td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,99</td>
									<td align="center">4,00 </td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,00</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,037</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Encontra e conversa com amigos e familiares</td>
									<td align="center">3,65</td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,91</td>
									<td align="center">4,00 </td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,00</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,145</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Encontra pessoas que possam te ajudar nos seus afazeres se estiver doente</td>
									<td align="center">3,42</td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,91</td>
									<td align="center">4,00 </td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,00</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,071</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Tem com quem contar quando precisa de uma sugestão de como lidar com um problema</td>
									<td align="center">3,41</td>
									<td align="center">+ 1,10</td>
									<td align="center">4,00 </td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,00</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,138</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Tem uma pessoa em cuja opinião você confia plenamente</td>
									<td align="center">3,45</td>
									<td align="center">+ 1,02</td>
									<td align="center">3,86 </td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,38</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,424</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Total do Suporte social percebido</td>
									<td align="center">13,43</td>
									<td align="center">+ 3,41</td>
									<td align="center">15,86 </td>
									<td align="center">+ 0,38</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,030</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Variáveis de satisfação com a vida </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Desempenho abaixo percentil 95 MEEM = 90</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">Desempenho igual ou acima percentil 95 MEEM = 11 </td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2"><italic>p</italic>-valor</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">% </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" colspan="6">Satisfação com a vida </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Satisfação com a vida hoje </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">59,2 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">85,2 </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,240</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Satisfação com a vida em comparação com pessoas da mesma idade</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">73,3 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">100 </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,187</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Satisfação com a memória</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">53,9 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">71,4 </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,453</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Satisfação com a capacidade de realizar tarefas do dia a dia</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">60,5 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">100 </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,045</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Satisfação com as amizades e relações familiares</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">78,7 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">100 </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,336</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Satisfação com o ambiente em que vive</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">51,3 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">71,4 </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,439</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Satisfação com o acesso a serviços de saúde</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">60,5 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">28,6 </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,126</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Satisfação com o transporte de que dispõe</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">68,0 </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="2">28,6 </td>
									<td align="center"><italic>p</italic> = 0,091</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>Nota: Estudo PROCAD Idosos Longevos no Distrito Federal em 2018. Teste Exato de Fisher, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A respeito da satisfação com a vida, conforme a análise descritiva, observou-se que os idosos longevos com melhor desempenho cognitivo apresentaram maior prevalência de respostas “muito satisfeito” para a maioria dos domínios da escala, exceto para satisfação em relação aos serviços de saúde e ao transporte do qual dispõe. Ao empregar a análise estatística inferencial, observou-se que apenas a satisfação em relação à capacidade de realizar tarefas do dia a dia foi diferente entre os grupos (<italic>p</italic> = 0,045; rrb = 0,395), indicando que o grupo com melhor desempenho apresentou maior prevalência de participantes que referiram “muito satisfeito” nesse domínio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t50">Tabela 5</xref>). O tamanho de efeito para essa associação também foi modesto, aproximando-se de 0,4.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Ultrapassar a fronteira dos 80 anos com elevado desempenho cognitivo pode ser uma das metas para alcançar a velhice bem-sucedida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ribeiro et al., 2022</xref>). No Brasil, a população 80+ (80 anos e mais) é a que mais cresce, e dados sobre esse grupo populacional ainda são escassos - demandando o desenvolvimento de mais pesquisas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Neri et al., 2019</xref>). Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram que os participantes com desempenho igual e acima do percentil 95 no MEEM apresentaram melhor autoavaliação de saúde, maior satisfação com a capacidade de resolver tarefas cotidianas e maior suporte social geral e relacionado ao domínio de “Ter com quem conversar quando se sente sozinho”. </p>
				<p>No que se refere à autoavaliação de saúde, os estudos em Gerontologia ressaltam essa variável como um importante preditor de condições objetivas de saúde, mensurados por meio de indicadores de saúde física, cognitiva e de desempenho funcional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Belém et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Figueiredo et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Torquato et al., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>No contexto da velhice avançada, a autopercepção insere-se nas discussões sobre o paradoxo do bem-estar, em que, mediante o declínio funcional nas atividades de vida diária, os idosos longevos aumentariam o bem-estar subjetivo e a satisfação em relação ao próprio padrão de funcionamento, como uma estratégia para compensar e lidar com as perdas que ocorreram ao longo do curso de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hansen &amp; Blekesaune, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Santana &amp; Lima, 2015</xref>). </p>
				<p>Acredita-se que os achados positivos com relação à autopercepção de saúde podem ser subsidiados pela capacidade de autorregulação cognitivo-emocionais que, consequentemente, facilitam a adesão a tratamentos de saúde e mudanças no estilo de vida, entre eles a prática de exercícios físicos e alimentação saudável (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Santana &amp; Lima, 2015</xref>). Além disso, a autoavaliação de saúde pode ser subsidiada por processos de comparação social pautados no padrão de desempenho de idosos da mesma faixa etária (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Belém et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Em conjunto, esses processos podem explicar, ainda que parcialmente, o porquê de idosos com melhor desempenho cognitivo apresentarem avaliações mais satisfatórias em relação ao estado de saúde e ao padrão de funcionamento individual em tarefas cotidianas, mesmo na ausência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas no número de doenças crônicas e na realização de atividades de vida diária (ABVD, AIVD e AAVD) entre os dois grupos de pessoas idosas. No entanto, conforme discutem <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hansen e Blekesaune (2022</xref>), os limites ao paradoxo do bem-estar na velhice avançada são demarcados pelo aumento das ameaças sociais, de saúde e associadas às restrições impostas ao funcionamento físico, fatores que devem ser melhor investigados em pessoas idosas longevas. </p>
				<p>Estudos pregressos observaram associações entre melhor desempenho nas AIVD em idosos com função cognitiva acima da média (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Silva et al., 2014</xref>), ao passo que outros encontraram associações entre AAVD e menor prevalência de declínio cognitivo em uma coorte de idosos do estudo SABE, do município de São Paulo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dias et al., 2015</xref>). Por tratar-se de idosos longevos e sem declínio cognitivo, é possível que a presença de limitações funcionais seja subsidiada por componentes de desempenho motor ou por fatores que envolvem o suporte instrumental para a realização dessas atividades. No presente estudo, a prevalência de dificuldade em uma ou mais AIVD foi de 36,4% no grupo com desempenho igual ou acima do percentil 95 no MEEM e 60,0% no grupo com desempenho abaixo do percentil 95, o que indica que essa população possui mais limitações na manutenção de uma vida independente do que a população idosa mais jovem ou o público 50+ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Oliveira et al., 2020</xref>). Contudo, análises mais aprofundadas são necessárias, uma vez que o padrão de engajamento em atividades sociais na velhice avançada parece se associar a variáveis motivacionais e mais orientadas a contatos face a face (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Batistoni et al., 2015</xref>). </p>
				<p>No que se refere às doenças crônicas, houve alta prevalência de doenças nos participantes e análises subsequentes talvez tenham que promover ajustes em função das medicações e do tempo de diagnóstico. Conforme os achados de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ioakeim-Skoufa et al. (2022</xref>), há um possível efeito de seletividade em relação às doenças crônicas no grupo de pessoas idosas muito idosas, em especial nas comparações entre centenários e pessoas idosas com 80 a 99 anos, indicando que o grupo mais longevo pareceu ter menos doenças. Além disso, os autores observaram perfis de morbidade, incluindo doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas, condições pulmonares obstrutivas e neoplasias. Observou-se que ⅓ das mulheres octogenárias apresentava padrão metabólico (diabetes, dislipidemia e outros distúrbios endócrino-metabólicos), com maior número de doenças (até sete doenças simultâneas) e prevalência de polifarmácia (dois quartos do grupo). Portanto, os autores chamam a atenção para a necessidade de investigar, além do efeito da seletividade presente na velhice avançada, os diferentes perfis de doenças, ingestão de fármacos e saúde. No presente estudo não foi possível examinar esses componentes.</p>
				<p>Outra questão refere-se ao perfil de atividades, frequência de exposição e quais domínios impactam mais a cognição global e diferentes domínios cognitivos. É possível que exista entre o tipo de atividade e sua relação com um ou mais domínio cognitivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Wang et al., 2013</xref>). No presente estudo, embora os idosos com melhor desempenho tenham tido maior prevalência de engajamento nas AAVD, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, o que pode se associar ao poder estatístico reduzido das análises. Contudo, os participantes apresentaram maior satisfação em relação ao perfil de engajamento em atividades. </p>
				<p>As associações entre suporte social e melhor desempenho cognitivo tem sido amplamente documentadas na literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Coelho &amp; Michel, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kuiper et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Wang et al., 2013</xref>). O suporte social atuaria como moderador de bem-estar e de vitalidade cognitiva por envolver componentes, como interações sociais e suporte emocional e as complexidades que envolvem as relações entre dar e receber apoio social. Os dados do presente estudo, embora tenham apresentado tamanhos de efeito modestos, estão em consonância com os estudos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Litwin e Stoeckel (2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Kelly et al. (2017</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Holstege et al. (2018</xref>). No estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cho et al. (2015</xref>), suporte social e interação social foram consideradas como variáveis proximais ao funcionamento cognitivo e à saúde física. Embora não tenha sido possível realizar modelos múltiplos e relacionados à análise de caminhos por razões estatísticas e ausências de modelos conceituais pautados na população longeva brasileira, sugere-se que as associações entre suporte social percebido e melhor desempenho cognitivo global sejam controladas por sintomas depressivos, saúde e funcionalidade. </p>
				<p>Em síntese, o grupo de idosos investigados nesta pesquisa é composto por longevos cognitivamente saudáveis, cujo perfil e condições de vida e saúde merecem ser mais bem investigados. Contudo, as análises apresentadas necessitam ser observadas com cautela. O presente estudo é transversal e baseado em um número amostral pequeno de participantes. Portanto, os achados não permitem estabelecer relações de causa e efeito entre as variáveis. Além disso, observou-se um tamanho de efeito modesto das associações encontradas e o possível viés de subestimação das diferenças entre grupos, associada ao uso de testes não paramétricos e ao reduzido poder estatístico. Por esses motivos, os dados apresentados são exploratórios, restritos a uma amostra avaliada no contexto ambulatorial e não podem ser generalizados ao contexto da população longeva brasileira. </p>
				<p>Adicionalmente, utilizou-se o MEEM como parâmetro para classificação do desempenho cognitivo. Embora seja um instrumento mundialmente reconhecido, ele pode não ter captado de forma acurada os domínios cognitivos que classificariam com mais precisão as pessoas idosas com melhor desempenho cognitivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Melo &amp; Altemir, 2015</xref>). No entanto, apesar dessas limitações, os resultados apresentados indicam algumas variáveis que merecem melhor estudo entre octogenários e nonagenários com melhor desempenho cognitivo ao examinar componentes como humor, suporte social, desempenho funcional e saúde.</p>
				<p>Isso se torna especialmente importante para o delineamento de políticas de promoção e prevenção da saúde cognitiva, bem como para o planejamento de ações que podem fomentar condições satisfatórias de vida na velhice avançada. Nesse contexto, torna-se necessária a elaboração de mais estudos com longevos brasileiros, a fim de verificar se as mesmas variáveis observadas se associam ao melhor desempenho cognitivo nessa faixa etária.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>No presente estudo, o elevado desempenho cognitivo global na velhice avançada se associou à saúde percebida, à satisfação em relação ao desempenho funcional e à avaliação subjetiva do suporte social. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
					<label>10</label>
					<p>Artigo elaborado a partir da dissertação de C. A. PEREIRA, intitulada “Desempenho Cognitivo acima da média em idosos longevos”. Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2020.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn30">
					<label>Apoio:</label>
					<p> Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, vinculado ao projeto “Padrões de envelhecimento físico cognitivo e psicossocial em idosos longevos que vivem em diferentes contextos”.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>